{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:12:53Z","timestamp":1791940373484,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Hard ticks have been identified as important vectors of rickettsiae causing the spotted fever syndrome. Tick-borne rickettsiae are considered to be emerging, but only limited data are available about their presence in Western Europe, their natural life cycle and their reservoir hosts. <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>, the most prevalent tick species, were collected and tested from different vegetation types and from potential reservoir hosts. In one biotope area, the annual and seasonal variability of rickettsiae infections of the different tick stages were determined for 9 years.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The DNA of the human pathogen <jats:italic>R. conorii<\/jats:italic> as well as <jats:italic>R. helvetica, R. sp. IRS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>R. bellii-like<\/jats:italic> were found. Unexpectedly, the DNA of the highly pathogenic <jats:italic>R. typhi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>R. prowazekii<\/jats:italic> and 4 other uncharacterized <jats:italic>Rickettsia spp<\/jats:italic>. related to the typhus group were also detected in <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>. The presence of <jats:italic>R. helvetica<\/jats:italic> in fleas isolated from small rodents supported our hypothesis that cross-infection can occur under natural conditions, since <jats:italic>R. typhi\/prowazekii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>R. helvetica<\/jats:italic> as well as their vectors share rodents as reservoir hosts. In one biotope, the infection rate with <jats:italic>R. helvetica<\/jats:italic> was ~66% for 9 years, and was comparable between larvae, nymphs, and adults. Larvae caught by flagging generally have not yet taken a blood meal from a vertebrate host. The simplest explanation for the comparable prevalence of <jats:italic>R. helvetica<\/jats:italic> between the defined tick stages is, that <jats:italic>R. helvetica<\/jats:italic> is vertically transmitted through the next generation with high efficiency. The DNA of <jats:italic>R. helvetica<\/jats:italic> was also present in whole blood from mice, deer and wild boar.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Besides <jats:italic>R. helvetica<\/jats:italic>, unexpected rickettsiae are found in <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic> ticks. We propose that <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic> is a major reservoir host for <jats:italic>R. helvetica<\/jats:italic>, and that vertebrate hosts play important roles in the further geographical dispersion of rickettsiae.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-41","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,4]],"date-time":"2009-09-04T18:13:54Z","timestamp":1252088034000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Ixodes ricinus ticks are reservoir hosts for Rickettsia helvetica and potentially carry flea-borne Rickettsia species"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Hein","family":"Sprong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter R","family":"Wielinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Fonville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Reusken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afke H","family":"Brandenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Borgsteede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cor","family":"Gaasenbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joke WB","family":"van der Giessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"89_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08182","volume":"459","author":"GJ Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, Lycett SJ, Worobey M, Pybus OG, Ma SK, Cheung CL, Raghwani J, Bhatt S: Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic. Nature. 2009, 459: 1122-1125. 10.1038\/nature08182.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"89_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","volume":"451","author":"KE Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, Daszak P: Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature. 2008, 451: 990-993. 10.1038\/nature06536.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"89_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","volume":"12","author":"M Maurin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Maurin M, Raoult D: Q fever. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999, 12: 518-553.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"89_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0506.990612","volume":"5","author":"E Rydkina","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rydkina E, Roux V, Rudakov N, Gafarova M, Tarasevich I, Raoult D: New Rickettsiae in ticks collected in territories of the former soviet union. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999, 5: 811-814. 10.3201\/eid0506.990612.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"89_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0842-5","volume":"90","author":"D Robinson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Robinson D, Leo N, Prociv P, Barker SC: Potential role of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, as vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii. Parasitol Res. 2003, 90: 209-211.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"89_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.719-756.2005","volume":"18","author":"P Parola","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parola P, Paddock CD, Raoult D: Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005, 18: 719-756. 10.1128\/CMR.18.4.719-756.2005.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"89_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.09.005","volume":"298","author":"JS Gray","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gray JS: Ixodes ricinus seasonal activity: Implications of global warming indicated by revisiting tick and weather data. Int J Med Microbiol. 2007, 298: 19-24. 10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.09.005.","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"89_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.2741\/3405","volume":"14","author":"A Estrada-Pena","year":"2009","unstructured":"Estrada-Pena A: Tick-borne pathogens, transmission rates and climate change. Front Biosci. 2009, 14: 2674-2687. 10.2741\/3405.","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"89_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02759","volume":"430","author":"DM Morens","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morens DM, Folkers GK, Fauci AS: The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Nature. 2004, 430: 242-249. 10.1038\/nature02759.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"89_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1374.003","volume":"1078","author":"JR Blanco","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blanco JR, Oteo JA: Rickettsiosis in Europe. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006, 1078: 26-33. 10.1196\/annals.1374.003.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"89_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.382","volume":"6","author":"B Pichon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pichon B, Kahl O, Hammer B, Gray JS: Pathogens and host DNA in Ixodes ricinus nymphal ticks from a German forest. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2006, 6: 382-387. 10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.382.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"89_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0130","volume":"7","author":"AM Nijhof","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nijhof AM, Bodaan C, Postigo M, Nieuwenhuijs H, Opsteegh M, Franssen L, Jebbink F, Jongejan F: Ticks and associated pathogens collected from domestic animals in the Netherlands. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007, 7: 585-595. 10.1089\/vbz.2007.0130.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"89_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2008.00468.x","volume":"66","author":"L van Overbeek","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Overbeek L, Gassner F, Plas van der CL, Kastelein P, Nunes-da Rocha U, Takken W: Diversity of Ixodes ricinus tick-associated bacterial communities from different forests. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2008, 66: 72-84. 10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2008.00468.x.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"89_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.09.006","volume":"298","author":"J Stanczak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stanczak J, Racewicz M, Michalik J, Buczek A: Distribution of Rickettsia helvetica in Ixodes ricinus tick populations in Poland. Int J Med Microbiol. 2008, 298: 231-234. 10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.09.006.","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"89_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.138","volume":"51","author":"L Beati","year":"1994","unstructured":"Beati L, Humair PF, Aeschlimann A, Raoult D: Identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae isolated from Dermacentor marginatus and Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in Switzerland. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994, 51: 138-148.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"89_CR16","first-page":"2547","volume":"146","author":"T Sreter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sreter T, Sreterne Lancz Z, Szell Z, Egyed L: [Rickettsia helvetica: an emerging tick-borne pathogen in Hungary and Europe]. Orv Hetil. 2005, 146: 2547-2552.","journal-title":"Orv Hetil"},{"key":"89_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04093-3","volume":"354","author":"K Nilsson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nilsson K, Lindquist O, Pahlson C: Association of Rickettsia helvetica with chronic perimyocarditis in sudden cardiac death. Lancet. 1999, 354: 1169-1173. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04093-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"89_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2005.apm1130206.x","volume":"113","author":"K Nilsson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nilsson K, Lukinius A, Pahlson C, Moron C, Hajem N, Olsson B, Lindquist O: Evidence of Rickettsia spp. infection in Sweden: a clinical, ultrastructural and serological study. Apmis. 2005, 113: 126-134. 10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2005.apm1130206.x.","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"89_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1086\/339962","volume":"185","author":"K Nilsson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nilsson K, Pahlson C, Lukinius A, Eriksson L, Nilsson L, Lindquist O: Presence of Rickettsia helvetica in granulomatous tissue from patients with sarcoidosis. J Infect Dis. 2002, 185: 1128-1138. 10.1086\/339962.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"89_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.2.816-818.2004","volume":"42","author":"PE Fournier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fournier PE, Allombert C, Supputamongkol Y, Caruso G, Brouqui P, Raoult D: Aneruptive fever associated with antibodies to Rickettsia helvetica in Europe and Thailand. J Clin Microbiol. 2004, 42: 816-818. 10.1128\/JCM.42.2.816-818.2004.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"89_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0604.000412","volume":"6","author":"PE Fournier","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fournier PE, Grunnenberger F, Jaulhac B, Gastinger G, Raoult D: Evidence of Rickettsia helvetica infection in humans, eastern France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000, 6: 389-392. 10.3201\/eid0604.000412.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"89_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410020776","volume":"36","author":"H Nielsen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nielsen H, Fournier PE, Pedersen IS, Krarup H, Ejlertsen T, Raoult D: Serological and molecular evidence of Rickettsia helvetica in Denmark. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004, 36: 559-563.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"89_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7594","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01851-06","volume":"72","author":"PR Wielinga","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wielinga PR, Gaasenbeek C, Fonville M, de Boer A, de Vries A, Dimmers W, Akkerhuis Op Jagers G, Schouls LM, Borgsteede F, Giessen van der JW: Longitudinal analysis of tick densities and Borrelia, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia infections of Ixodes ricinus ticks in different habitat areas in The Netherlands. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006, 72: 7594-7601. 10.1128\/AEM.01851-06.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"89_CR24","volume-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","author":"PR Wielinga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wielinga PR, Fonville M, Sprong H, Gaasenbeek C, Borgsteede F, Giessen JW: Persistent Detection of Babesia EU1 and Babesia microti in Ixodes ricinus in The Netherlands During a 5-Year Surveillance: 2003-2007. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2008,"},{"key":"89_CR25","first-page":"665","volume":"148","author":"S den Boon","year":"2004","unstructured":"den Boon S, Schellekens JF, Schouls LM, Suijkerbuijk AW, Docters van Leeuwen B, van Pelt W: [Doubling of the number of cases of tick bites and lyme borreliosis seen by general practitioners in the Netherlands]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2004, 148: 665-670.","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"89_CR26","volume-title":"Euro Surveill","author":"A Hofhuis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hofhuis A, Giessen van der JW, Borgsteede FH, Wielinga PR, Notermans DW, van Pelt W: Lyme borreliosis in the Netherlands: strong increase in GP consultations and hospital admissions in past 10 years. Euro Surveill. 2006, 11: E060622 060622."},{"key":"89_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-003-0988-1","volume":"22","author":"I Christova","year":"2003","unstructured":"Christova I, Pol Van De J, Yazar S, Velo E, Schouls L: Identification of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species, and spotted fever group Rickettsiae in ticks from Southeastern Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003, 22: 535-542. 10.1007\/s10096-003-0988-1.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"89_CR28","first-page":"2022","volume":"152","author":"JJ Jacobs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jacobs JJ, Noordhoek GT, Brouwers JM, Wielinga PR, Jacobs JP, Brandenburg AH: [Small risk of developing Lyme borreliosis following a tick bite on Ameland: research in a general practice]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2008, 152: 2022-2026.","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"89_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.727","volume":"75","author":"R De Sousa","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Sousa R, Edouard-Fournier P, Santos-Silva M, Amaro F, Bacellar F, Raoult D: Molecular detection of Rickettsia felis, Rickettsia typhi and two genotypes closely related to Bartonella elizabethae. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006, 75: 727-731.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"89_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1157\/13072167","volume":"23","author":"M Bernabeu-Wittel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bernabeu-Wittel M, Segura-Porta F: [Rickettsioses]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2005, 23: 163-172. 10.1157\/13072167.","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"89_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(96)00011-9","volume":"14","author":"JD Baxter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baxter JD: The typhus group. Clin Dermatol. 1996, 14: 271-278. 10.1016\/0738-081X(96)00011-9.","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"89_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1475","volume":"4","author":"K Kurtenbach","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kurtenbach K, Hanincova K, Tsao JI, Margos G, Fish D, Ogden NH: Fundamental processes in the evolutionary ecology of Lyme borreliosis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006, 4: 660-669. 10.1038\/nrmicro1475.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"89_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1374.133","volume":"1078","author":"R Wolfel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wolfel R, Terzioglu R, Kiessling J, Wilhelm S, Essbauer S, Pfeffer M, Dobler G: Rickettsia spp. in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Bavaria, Germany. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006, 1078: 509-511. 10.1196\/annals.1374.133.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"89_CR34","first-page":"355","volume":"41","author":"J Rehacek","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rehacek J, Kocianova E, Lukacova M, Stanek G, Khanakah G, Vyrostekova V, Valkova D: Detection of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsia in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Austria. Acta Virol. 1997, 41: 355-356.","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"89_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07363.x","volume":"990","author":"K Prosenc","year":"2003","unstructured":"Prosenc K, Petrovec M, Trilar T, Duh D, Avsic-Zupanc T: Detection of rickettsiae in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Slovenia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003, 990: 201-204. 10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07363.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"89_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1184-7","volume":"23","author":"P Fernandez-Soto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fernandez-Soto P, Perez-Sanchez R, Encinas-Grandes A, Sanz RA: Detection and identification of Rickettsia helvetica and Rickettsia sp. IRS3\/IRS4 in Ixodes ricinus ticks found on humans in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004, 23: 648-649. 10.1007\/s10096-004-1184-7.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"89_CR37","first-page":"357","volume":"36","author":"W Burgdorfer","year":"1979","unstructured":"Burgdorfer W, Aeschlimann A, Peter O, Hayes SF, Philip RN: Ixodes ricinus: vector of a hitherto undescribed spotted fever group agent in Switzerland. Acta Trop. 1979, 36: 357-367.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"89_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3541","volume":"273","author":"SJ Perlman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Perlman SJ, Hunter MS, Zchori-Fein E: The emerging diversity of Rickettsia. Proc Biol Sci. 2006, 273: 2097-2106. 10.1098\/rspb.2006.3541.","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"89_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1972.21.989","volume":"21","author":"W Burgdorfer","year":"1972","unstructured":"Burgdorfer W, Ormsbee RA, Hoogstraal H: Ticks as vectors of Rickettsia prowazeki--a controversial issue. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1972, 21: 989-998.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"89_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1355.052","volume":"1063","author":"A Medina-Sanchez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Medina-Sanchez A, Bouyer DH, Alcantara-Rodriguez V, Mafra C, Zavala-Castro J, Whitworth T, Popov VL, Fernandez-Salas I, Walker DH: Detection of a typhus group Rickettsia in Amblyomma ticks in the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005, 1063: 327-332. 10.1196\/annals.1355.052.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"89_CR41","first-page":"335","volume":"55","author":"TE Woodward","year":"1982","unstructured":"Woodward TE: Murine and epidemic typhus rickettsiae: how close is their relationship?. Yale J Biol Med. 1982, 55: 335-341.","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"89_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10034","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.21.10034","volume":"91","author":"WCt Black","year":"1994","unstructured":"Black WCt, Piesman J: Phylogeny of hard- and soft-tick taxa (Acari: Ixodida) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994, 91: 10034-10038. 10.1073\/pnas.91.21.10034.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1756-3305-2-41.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T09:34:00Z","timestamp":1630488840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1756-3305-2-41"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["89"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-2-41","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2009","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2009","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2009","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"41"}}