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In the case of <jats:italic>Babesia bovis<\/jats:italic>, a tick-transmitted hemoparasite of cattle, inhibitors of these enzymes were shown to hamper intraerythrocytic replication of the parasite, underscoring their importance for survival.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Four papain-like cysteine proteases were found to be encoded by the <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic> genome using the MEROPS database. One of them, the ortholog of <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> falcipain-2, here named bovipain-2, was further characterized. Bovipain-2 is encoded in <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic> chromosome 4 by an ORF of 1.3 kb, has a predicted molecular weight of 42 kDa, and is hydrophilic with the exception of a transmembrane region. It has orthologs in several other apicomplexans, and its predicted amino acid sequence shows a high degree of conservation among several <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic> isolates from North and South America. Synteny studies demonstrated that the <jats:italic>bovipain-2<\/jats:italic> gene has expanded in the genomes of two related piroplasmids, <jats:italic>Theileria parva<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. annulata<\/jats:italic>, into families of 6 and 7 clustered genes respectively. The <jats:italic>bovipain-2 g<\/jats:italic> ene is transcribed in <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> cultured intra-erythrocyte forms of a virulent and an attenuated <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic> strain from Argentina, and has no introns, as shown by RT-PCR followed by sequencing. Antibodies against a recombinant form of bovipain-2 recognized two parasite protein bands of 34 and 26 kDa, which coincide with the predicted sizes of the pro-peptidase and mature peptidase, respectively. Immunofluorescence studies showed an intracellular localization of bovipain-2 in the middle-rear region of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> cultured merozoites, as well as diffused in the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes. Anti-bovipain-2 antibodies also reacted with <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>-infected erythrocytes giving a similar pattern, which suggests cross-reactivity among these species. Antibodies in sera of two out of six <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic>-experimentally infected bovines tested, reacted specifically with recombinant bovipain-2 in immunoblots, thus demonstrating expression and immunogenicity during bovine-infecting stages.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Overall, we present the characterization of bovipain-2 and demonstrate its <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> expression in virulent and attenuated strains. Given the involvement of apicomplexan cysteine proteases in essential parasite functions, bovipain-2 constitutes a new vaccine candidate and potential drug target for bovine babesiosis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,24]],"date-time":"2010-11-24T07:13:57Z","timestamp":1290582837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Bovipain-2, the falcipain-2 ortholog, is expressed in intraerythrocytic stages of the tick-transmitted hemoparasite Babesia bovis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mesplet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Echaide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan J","family":"Mosqueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos E","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonhard","family":"Schnittger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Florin-Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Supp l","key":"241_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005190","volume":"129","author":"R Bock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bock R, Jackson L, de Vos A, Jorgensen W: Babesiosis of cattle. 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