{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T09:46:16Z","timestamp":1794563176848,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In visceral leishmaniasis (VL), phlebotomine vectors are the main target to reduce for control measures. An attempt has been taken to delineate the association between <jats:italic>Phlebotomous argentipes<\/jats:italic> and housing characteristics between two districts e.g. endemic and non-endemic.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 240 households for both the endemic (Vaishali district) and non-endemic (Lohardaga district) site. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors related to housing characteristics influencing suitable habitats for <jats:italic>P. argentipes<\/jats:italic>. Vector density estimated using a CDC light trap.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The proportion of <jats:italic>P. argentipes<\/jats:italic> in both endemic and non-endemic areas was significantly much higher (P &lt; 0.001) when compared with the proportion of <jats:italic>Sergentomiya<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. papatasi<\/jats:italic>. The results of multilevel logistic regression analysis showed that mud plastered wall (<jats:italic>P value = 0.001)<\/jats:italic>, mixed dwelling (<jats:italic>P value = 0.002<\/jats:italic>) and area (<jats:italic>P value = 0.001<\/jats:italic>) were strongly associated with the presence of vectors.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Result of the studied household characteristics provides an accurate, rapid assessment of house-level variation in risk. The results also have implications for maximizing surveillance efficacy of sandflies, which is likely to become increasingly important while formulating any control strategy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-94","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,21]],"date-time":"2010-10-21T18:16:27Z","timestamp":1287684987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Study of house-level risk factors associated in the transmission of Indian Kala-azar"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Shreekant","family":"Kesari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gouri Sankar","family":"Bhunia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Algarswamy","family":"Jeyaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alok","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"222_CR1","volume-title":"Regional Office for South-East Asia. Report of the 59th session of the Regional Committee of the South-East Asia Region. New Delhi","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Regional Office for South-East Asia. Report of the 59th session of the Regional Committee of the South-East Asia Region. New Delhi. 2006, World Health Organization"},{"key":"222_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004","volume":"27","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2004","unstructured":"Desjeux P: Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives Comparative Immunology. Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2004, 27: 305-318. 10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004.","journal-title":"Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"222_CR3","first-page":"458","volume":"40","author":"NS Singh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Singh NS, Singh DP: Seasonal occurrence of Phlebotominae sand flies (phlebotominae: diptera) and it's correlation with kala-azar in eastern uttar pradesh, India. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2009, 40 (3): 458-462.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"222_CR4","first-page":"61","volume":"30","author":"A Palit","year":"1982","unstructured":"Palit A, Ghosh KK, Hati AK: Gonotrophic cycle of Phlebotomous argentipes in nature in three seasons. Bull Cal Sch Trop Med. 1982, 30: 61-63.","journal-title":"Bull Cal Sch Trop Med"},{"key":"222_CR5","first-page":"473","volume":"30","author":"CS Swaminath","year":"1942","unstructured":"Swaminath CS, Short HE, Anderson LAP: Transmission of Indian kala-azar to man by the bite of P. argentipes. Indian J Med Res. 1942, 30: 473-77.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"222_CR6","first-page":"255","volume":"45","author":"S Sharma","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sharma S, Singh S: Insect vectors of Leishmania: distribution, physiology and their control. J Vector Borne Dis. 2008, 45: 255-272.","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"222_CR7","volume-title":"The world health report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002","unstructured":"World Health Organization: The world health report. 2002, Geneva World Health Organization"},{"key":"222_CR8","volume-title":"Disability adjusted life years","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Disability adjusted life years. 2007, [http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/boddaly\/en\/]"},{"key":"222_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7368.810","volume":"325","author":"Kroeger Axel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Axel Kroeger, Avila Villegas Elci, Morison Linda: Insecticide impregnated curtains to control domestic transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela: cluster randomised trial. BMJ. 2002, 325: 810-813. 10.1136\/bmj.325.7368.810.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"222_CR10","first-page":"338","volume":"22","author":"CF Jin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jin CF, He SQ, Hong YM, Li GR: The effect of sandfly control on the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi. 2004, 22 (6): 338-39.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi"},{"issue":"3","key":"222_CR11","first-page":"119","volume":"30","author":"H Nekouie","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nekouie H, Assmar M, Razavi MR: Efficacy of Two Insecticides: Methyl Carbamate and Aluminium Phosphide on Leishmaniasis Vectors in Varamin, Iran. IJMS. 2005, 30 (3): 119-","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"222_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16194","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700863104","volume":"104","author":"RE G\u00fcrtler","year":"2007","unstructured":"G\u00fcrtler RE, Kitron U, Cecere MC, Segura EL, Cohen JE: Sustainable vector control and management of Chagas disease in the Gran Chaco, Argentina. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007, 104: 16194-99. 10.1073\/pnas.0700863104.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"222_CR13","volume-title":"Effectiveness and constrains of indoor residual spraying in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination initiatives of India and Nepal: a multi centre study (In press)","author":"R Chowdhury","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chowdhury R, Kumar V, Das P, Joshi AB, Bamjara MR, Akhtar S, Kroeger A, Krishnakumari B, Mondal D, Das ML: Effectiveness and constrains of indoor residual spraying in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination initiatives of India and Nepal: a multi centre study (In press). 2009"},{"key":"222_CR14","first-page":"155","volume":"93","author":"RC Dhiman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dhiman RC, Sen AB: Epidemiology of Kala-azar in rural Bihar (India) using village as a component unit of study. Indian J Med Res. 1991, 93: 155-60.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"222_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.10.006","volume":"103","author":"S Saha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Saha S, Ramachandran R, Mohan YJF, Gupte HD: Visceral leishmaniasis is preventable in a highly endemic village in West Bengal, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009, 103 (7): 737-42. 10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.10.006.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"222_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90255-4","volume":"94","author":"CP Thakur","year":"2000","unstructured":"Thakur CP: Socio-economies of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar (India). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 94: 156-57. 10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90255-4.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"222_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.74","volume":"73","author":"Alok Ranjan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ranjan Alok, Sur Dipika, Singh Vijay P, Siddique Niyamat A, Manna Byomkesh, Lal Chandra S, Sinha Prabhat K, Kamal Kishore, Bhattacharya Sujit K: Risk Factors For Indian Kala-Azar. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005, 73: 74-78.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"222_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.639","volume":"154","author":"R Badar\u00f3","year":"1986","unstructured":"Badar\u00f3 R, Jones TC, Cerf BJ, Sampaio D, Carvalho EM, Rocha H, Teixeira R, Johnson WD: A perspective study of Visceral Leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil. The journal of infectious disease. 1986, 154 (4): 639-649.","journal-title":"The journal of infectious disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"222_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.308","volume":"74","author":"JR Ryan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ryan JR, Mbui J, Rashid JR, Wasunna MK, Kirigi G, Magiri C, Kinoti D, Ngumbi PM, Martin SK, Odera SO, Hochberg LP, Bautista CT, Chan AS: Spatial clustering and epidemiological aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in two endemic villages, Baringo District, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006, 74 (2): 308-17.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"222_CR20","first-page":"1672","volume-title":"The Merck Veterinary Manual","author":"The Merck Veterinary Manual","year":"1979","unstructured":"The Merck Veterinary Manual: The Merck Veterinary Manual. Edited by: Siegmund OH, Fraser CM, Archibald J, Blood DC, Henderson JA, Newberne PM, Snoeyenbos GH, Weipers WL, Huebner RA, Soffer LS. 1979, A Handbook of Diagnosis and Therapy for the Veterinarian, Merck & Co., Inc., NJ, U.S.A, 1672-"},{"key":"222_CR21","first-page":"136","volume":"46","author":"NL Sharma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sharma NL, Mahajan VK, Ranjan N, Negi AK, Inder K, Mehta S: The sandflies of the Satluj river valley, Himachal Pradesh (India): some possible vectors of the parasite causing human cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases in this endemic focus. J Vector Borne Dis. 2009, 46: 136-40.","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"222_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.04.025","volume":"107","author":"R Singh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Singh R, Lal S, Saxena VK: Breeding ecology of visceral leishmaniasis vector sandfly in Bihar state of India. Acta Tropica. 2008, 107 (2): 117-20. 10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.04.025.","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"222_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.184","volume":"63","author":"C Bern","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bern C, Joshi AB, Jha SN: Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 63: 184-88.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"222_CR24","first-page":"275","volume":"123","author":"C Bern","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bern C, Chowdhury R: The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: prospects for improved control. Indian J Med Res. 2006, 123: 275-88.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1756-3305-3-94.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T12:05:12Z","timestamp":1630497912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1756-3305-3-94"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,12]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-3-94","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 July 2010","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2010","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2010","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"94"}}