{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T11:53:35Z","timestamp":1793620415953,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>As the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) matured into its 10<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> year of ensuring community involvement in mass annual treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin, there was recognition of a need to study not only annual coverage of ivermectin in villages but also the compliance of individual villagers with these annual treatments. This was based on the concern that while population coverage goals may be achieved each year, there might be segments of the population who systematically are not complying with the annual regimen, thus creating a reservoir of infection and threatening program gains.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A multi-site study in five APOC sponsored projects in Nigeria and Cameroon was undertaken to identify the socio-demographic correlates of compliance with ivermectin treatment. A total of 8,480 villagers above 9 years of age selected through a systematic random sampling from <jats:underline>101<\/jats:underline> communities were surveyed to ascertain their levels of compliance, by adapting APOC's standard household ivermectin survey form. Community leaders, community directed distributors (CDDs) of ivermectin and health workers were interviewed with in-depth interview guides, while focus group discussions were held with community members to help explain how socio-demographic factors might affect compliance.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Eight-year compliance ranged from 0 to 8 times with 42.9% taking ivermectin between 6-8 times annually (high compliance). In bivariate analysis high compliance was positively associated with being male, over 24 years of age, having been married, not being Christian, having little or no formal education and being in the ethnic majority. These variables were also confirmed through regression analysis based on total times ivermectin was taken over the period. While these factors explained only 8% of the overall variation in compliance, ethnic status and education appeared to be the strongest factors. Those with higher education may be more mobile and harder to reach while neglect of ethnic minorities has also been documented in other programs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These findings can help managers of CDTI programmes to ensure ivermectin reaches all segments of the population equally.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,26]],"date-time":"2011-08-26T18:24:05Z","timestamp":1314383045000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Compliance with eight years of annual ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis in Cameroon and Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"William R","family":"Brieger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph C","family":"Okeibunor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adenike O","family":"Abiose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Wanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Elhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Ndyomugyenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uche V","family":"Amazigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"393_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69786-9","volume":"368","author":"U Amazigo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amazigo U, Boatin B: The future of onchocerciasis control in Africa. The Lancet. 2006, 368: 1946-1947. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69786-9.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"393_CR2","first-page":"237","volume":"75","author":"AP Plaisier","year":"1997","unstructured":"Plaisier AP, Alley ES, van Oortmarssen GJ, Boatin BA, Habbema JDF: Required duration of combined annual ivermectin treatment and vector control in the Onchocerciasis Control programme in West Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1997, 75 (3): 237-245.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"393_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-8","volume":"2","author":"GJ Borsboom","year":"2003","unstructured":"Borsboom GJ, Boatin BA, Nagelkerke NJ, Agoua H, Akpoboua KL, Alley EW, Bissan Y, Renz A, Yameogo L, Remme JH, Habbema JD: Impact of ivermectin on onchocerciasis transmission: assessing the empirical evidence that repeated ivermectin mass treatments may lead to elimination\/eradication in West-Africa. Filaria J. 2003, 2 (1): 8-10.1186\/1475-2883-2-8.","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"issue":"4","key":"393_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01213.x","volume":"9","author":"JM Tielsch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tielsch JM, Beeche A: Impact of ivermectin on illness and disability associated with onchocerciasis. Trop Med Int Health. 2004, 9 (4): A45-A56. 10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01213.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"2007","key":"393_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.01.018","volume":"64","author":"U Amazigo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Amazigo U, Okeibunor JC, Matovu V, Zour\u00e9 H, Bump J, Seketeli A: Performance versus predictors: Evaluating sustainability in community-directed treatment projects of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. Soc Sci Med. 2007, 64 (2007): 2070-2082.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"393_CR6","unstructured":"APOC: Year 2004 progress report of WHO\/APOC. accessed 21 May 2007, [http:\/\/www.apoc.bf\/en\/download.htm]"},{"key":"393_CR7","unstructured":"IPSOR Medication Compliance and Persistence Special Interest Group: Standardizing definition of terms. International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. 2005, accessed 15 March 2006, [http:\/\/www.ispor.org\/sigs\/MCP_accomplishments.asp]"},{"key":"393_CR8","volume-title":"Report of the 20th session of the Technical Consultative Committee (TCC)- Ouagadougou","author":"APOC","year":"2005","unstructured":"APOC: Report of the 20th session of the Technical Consultative Committee (TCC)- Ouagadougou. 2005, accessed 21 May 2007, [http:\/\/www.apoc.bf\/en\/download.htm]"},{"key":"393_CR9","first-page":"384","volume":"80","author":"M Winnen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Winnen M, Plaisier AP, Alley ES, Nagelkerke NJD, van Oortmarssen G, Boatin BA, Habbema JDF: Can ivermectin mass treatments eliminate onchocerciasis in Africa?. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002, 80: 384-390.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"393_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00826.x","volume":"7","author":"WR Brieger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brieger WR, Otusanya SA, Oke GA, Oshiname FO, Adeniyi JD: Factors associated with coverage in community directed treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis control in Oyo State, Nigeria. Trop Med and Int Health. 2002, 7 (1): 11-18. 10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00826.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med and Int Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"393_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225021497","volume":"98","author":"CU Maduka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maduka CU, Nweke LN, Miri ES, Amazigo U, Emukah EC, Richards FO: Missed treatment opportunities, for pregnant and breast-feeding women, in onchocerciasis mass-treatment programmes in south-eastern Nigeria. Ann Trop Med & Parasitol. 2004, 98 (7): 697-702. 10.1179\/000349804225021497.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med & Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"393_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1179\/136485905X24201","volume":"99","author":"NB Semiyaga","year":"2005","unstructured":"Semiyaga NB, Lalobo O, Ndyomugyenyi R: Refusal to take ivermectin: the associated 'risk' factors in Hoima district, Uganda. Ann Trop Med & Parasitol. 2005, 99 (2): 165-172. 10.1179\/136485905X24201.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med & Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"393_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v83i6.9440","volume":"83","author":"TL Lakwo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lakwo TL, Gasarasi DB: Non-adherence to community directed treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis control in Rungwe district, southwest Tanzania. East Afr Med J. 2006, 83 (6): 326-32.","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"393_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-48","volume":"3","author":"D Yirga","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yirga D, Deribe K, Woldemichael K, Wondafrash M, Kassahun W: Factors associated with compliance with community directed treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis control in Southwestern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 48-10.1186\/1756-3305-3-48.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"393_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-7","volume":"2","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Taylor MJ, Awadzi K, Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez MG, Biritwum N, Boakye D, Boatin B, Bockarie M, Churcher TS, Debrah A, Edwards G, Hoerauf A, Mand S, Matthews G, Osei-Atweneboana M, Prichard RK, Wanji S, Adjei O: Onchocerciasis Control: Vision for the Future from a Ghanian perspective. Parasit Vectors. 2009, 2: 7-10.1186\/1756-3305-2-7.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"393_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-70","volume":"3","author":"N Bhullar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bhullar N, Maikere J: Challenges in mass drug administration for treating lymphatic filariasis in Papua, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 70-10.1186\/1756-3305-3-70.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"7","key":"393_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01436.x","volume":"10","author":"F Nuwaha","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nuwaha F, Okware J, Ndyomugyenyi R: Predictors of compliance with community-directed ivermectin treatment in Uganda: quantitative results. Trop Med Int Health. 2005, 10 (7): 659-67. 10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01436.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"393_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00336-6","volume":"50","author":"OB Akogun","year":"2000","unstructured":"Akogun OB, Akogun MK, Audu Z: Community-perceived benefits of ivermectin treatment in northeastern Nigeria. Soc Sci Med. 2000, 50 (10): 1451-6. 10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00336-6.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"393_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2006.00355.x","volume":"7","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yuan Y, L'italien G, Mukherjee J, Iloeje U: Determinants of discontinuation of initial highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens in a US HIV-infected patient cohort. HIV Med. 2006, 7 (3): 156-62. 10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2006.00355.x.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"393_CR20","first-page":"290","volume":"14","author":"Z Iliyasu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Iliyasu Z, Kabir M, Abubakar IS, Babashani M, Zubair ZA: Compliance to antiretroviral therapy among AIDS patients in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2005, 14 (3): 290-4.","journal-title":"Niger J Med"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1756-3305-4-152.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T15:34:00Z","timestamp":1630510440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1756-3305-4-152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,27]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-4-152","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 June 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2011","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2011","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"152"}}