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To obtain a baseline for future fascioliasis assessment, studies were undertaken by means of rDNA ITS-2 and ITS-1 and mtDNA<jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>1 sequencing to clarify the specific status of Venezuelan lymnaeids, their geographical distribution and fascioliasis transmission capacity, by comparison with other American countries and other continents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results obtained completely change the lymnaeid scenario known so far. The relatively rich lymnaeid fauna of Venezuela has been proven to include (i)<jats:italic>Lymnaea meridensis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>L. neotropica<\/jats:italic>as the only native members, (ii)<jats:italic>L. cubensis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Pseudosuccinea columella<\/jats:italic>introduced from the Caribbean area, and (iii)<jats:italic>Galba truncatula<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>L. schirazensis<\/jats:italic>introduced from the Old World. The absence of representatives of the stagnicoline and<jats:italic>Radix<\/jats:italic>groups is remarkable. Four species are fascioliasis vectors:<jats:italic>G. truncatula<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>L. cubensis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>L. neotropica<\/jats:italic>, which have the capacity to give rise to human endemic areas, and<jats:italic>P. columella<\/jats:italic>, which is a source of animal infection and is responsible for the spread of disease. Vector capacity in the apparently highland endemic<jats:italic>L. meridensis<\/jats:italic>is to be confimed, although may be expected given its phylogenetic relationships. Similarly as elsewhere, the non-transmitting<jats:italic>L. schirazensis<\/jats:italic>has been confused with<jats:italic>L. cubensis<\/jats:italic>, also with<jats:italic>G. truncatula<\/jats:italic>and possibly with<jats:italic>L. neotropica<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The new scenario leads to the re-opening of many disease aspects. In Venezuela, altitude appears to be the main factor influencing fascioliasis distribution. Human infection shows an altitude pattern similar to other Andean countries, although a differing highland\/lowland impact on animal infection does not appear evident. The overlap of<jats:italic>G. truncatula<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>L. cubensis<\/jats:italic>and probably also<jats:italic>L. neotropica<\/jats:italic>in temperate and cold zones suggests a higher risk for human infection in mid and high altitude areas. A lymnaeid species mapping by means of DNA markers becomes a priority to determine human and animal fascioliasis distribution in Venezuela, owing to the importance of lymnaeid vectors in defining transmission and epidemiological patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,9]],"date-time":"2011-11-09T20:22:04Z","timestamp":1320870124000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A new baseline for fascioliasis in Venezuela: lymnaeid vectors ascertained by DNA sequencing and analysis of their relationships with human and animal infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"M Dolores","family":"Bargues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L Carolina","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Artigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Mas-Coma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"447_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.010","volume":"35","author":"S Mas-Coma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Valero MA: Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses. 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