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The absolute age of the voles was calculated based on their eye lens weights, and we included the mean day temperature and mean precipitation experienced by each individual as independent factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall prevalences of<jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>T. taeniaeformis<\/jats:italic>were 15.1% and 23.4%, respectively, in 856<jats:italic>A. terrestris<\/jats:italic>trapped in the canton Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. Prevalences were lower in young (\u2264 3 months:<jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>7.6%,<jats:italic>T. taeniaeformis<\/jats:italic>17.9%) than in older animals (&gt;7 months: 32.6% and 34.8%). Only 12 of 129<jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>-infected voles harboured protoscoleces. Similar proportions of animals with several strobilocerci were found in<jats:italic>T. taeniaeformis<\/jats:italic>infected voles of &lt;5 months and \u22655 months of age (12.8% and 11.9%). Multivariate analyses revealed strong spatio-temporal variations in prevalences of<jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>. In one trapping area, prevalences varied on an exceptional high level of 40.6-78.5% during the whole study period. Low temperatures significantly correlated with the infection rate whereas precipitation was of lower importance. Significant spatial variations in prevalences were also identified for<jats:italic>Taenia taeniaeformis<\/jats:italic>. Although the trapping period and the meteorological factors temperature and precipitation were included in the best models for explaining the infection risk, their effects were not significant for this parasite.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results demonstrate that, besides temporal and spatial factors, low temperatures contribute to the risk of infection with<jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>. This suggests that the enhanced survival of<jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>eggs under cold weather conditions determines the level of infection pressure on the intermediate hosts and possibly also the infection risk for human alveolar echincoccosis (AE). Therefore, interventions against the zoonotic cestode<jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>by deworming foxes may be most efficient if conducted just before and during winter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,19]],"date-time":"2011-01-19T19:16:27Z","timestamp":1295464587000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Age, season and spatio-temporal factors affecting the prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis and Taenia taeniaeformis in Arvicola terrestris"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Pierre","family":"Burlet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Deplazes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hegglin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"255_CR1","first-page":"391","volume-title":"1st Euro-American Mammal Congress; Jul 19-24; Santiago Composte, Spain","author":"M Chautan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chautan M, Pontier D, Artois M: Role of rabies in recent demographic changes in Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations in Europe. 1st Euro-American Mammal Congress; Jul 19-24; Santiago Composte, Spain. 1998, 391-410. 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