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However, anticipated changes in the course of global warming and globalization may alter their status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a molecular mass screening of mosquitoes for filarial parasites using mitochondrial 12S rRNA-based real-time PCR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>No parasites causing disease in humans such as<jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>spp. were detected in about 83,000 mosquitoes tested, which had been collected in 2009 and 2010 in 16 locations throughout Germany. However, minimum infection rates of up to 24 per 1000 mosquitoes were revealed, which could be attributed to mosquito infection with<jats:italic>Setaria tundra<\/jats:italic>and a yet unidentified second parasite.<jats:italic>Setaria tundra<\/jats:italic>was found to be widespread in southern Germany in various mosquito species, except<jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>spp. In contrast, the unidentified filarial species was exclusively found in<jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>spp. in northern Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, and is likely to be a bird parasite.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although dirofilariasis appears to be emerging and spreading in Europe, the absence of<jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>spp. or other zoonotic filariae in our sample allows the conclusion that the risk of autochthonous infection in Germany is still very low. Potential vectors of<jats:italic>S. tundra<\/jats:italic>in Germany are<jats:italic>Ochlerotatus sticticus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Oc. cantans<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Aedes vexans<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Anopheles claviger<\/jats:italic>. Technically, the synergism between entomologists, virologists and parasitologists, combined with state-of-the-art methods allows a very efficient near-real-time monitoring of a wide spectrum of both human and veterinary pathogens, including new distribution records of parasite species and the incrimination of their potential vectors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]],"date-time":"2012-01-11T19:24:56Z","timestamp":1326309896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Molecular detection of Setaria tundra (Nematoda: Filarioidea) and an unidentified filarial species in mosquitoes in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Czajka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Poppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"J\u00f6st","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Schmidt-Chanasit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"498_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.06.007","volume":"9","author":"R Morales-Hojas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morales-Hojas R: Molecular systematics of filarial parasites, with an emphasis on groups of medical and veterinary importance, and its relevance for epidemiology. 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