{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T18:09:31Z","timestamp":1757700571580},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Ixodes granulatus<\/jats:italic> is widely distributed in various countries of Southeast Asia and Taiwan. Although this tick species is presumed to be the vector for the enzoonotic transmission of <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> spirochetes in the Taiwan area, the prevalence of infection and genetic diversity of <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> spirochetes harbored by this tick species need to be further determined.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>DNA extraction was performed from individual tick specimens collected from <jats:italic>Rattus losea<\/jats:italic> on Kinmen Island of Taiwan. <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> infection in <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>granulatus<\/jats:italic> ticks was detected by performing a specific PCR assay based on the 5S-23S intergenic spacer amplicon gene of <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> sensu lato. The genetic identities of detected spirochetes were identified by gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> infection was detected in nymph, male, and female stages of <jats:italic>Ixodes granulatus<\/jats:italic> ticks with an infection rate of 42.9%, 36%, and 52.7%, respectively. Genospecies identification reveals that <jats:italic>B. valaisiana<\/jats:italic> is the main genotype (70.7%) as compared to the genotype of <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> sensu stricto (15.4%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these detected spirochetes were genetically affiliated to the genospecies <jats:italic>B. valaisiana<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> sensu stricto, with a high sequence homology within the genospecies of <jats:italic>B. valaisiana<\/jats:italic> (95.8 to 100%) and <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> sensu stricto (97.2 to 100%), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study highlights the significance of high prevalence and genetic diversity of <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> spirochetes in <jats:italic>I. granulatus<\/jats:italic> ticks collected from <jats:italic>Rattus losea<\/jats:italic> on Kinmen Island of Taiwan. Intraspecific analysis also revealed that <jats:italic>B. valaisiana<\/jats:italic> species detected in Kinmen Island can be easily distinguished from the European group of <jats:italic>B. valaisiana<\/jats:italic> and other genospecies of <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> spirochetes. This may imply an enzoonotic cycle between <jats:italic>I. granulatus<\/jats:italic> ticks and rodent hosts that maintains <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> spirochetes in Kinmen Island as well as Southeast Asia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,10]],"date-time":"2012-08-10T11:18:30Z","timestamp":1344597510000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prevalence and molecular identification of Borrelia spirochetes in Ixodes granulatus ticks collected from Rattus losea on Kinmen Island of Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Li-Lian","family":"Chao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Ling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-Ming","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"624_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737","volume":"216","author":"W Burgdorfer","year":"1982","unstructured":"Burgdorfer W, Barbour AG, Hayes HF, Benach JL, Grunwaldt E, Davis JP: Lyme disease: a tick-borne spirochetosis?. 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