{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:13:46Z","timestamp":1790806426096,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is caused by <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> in all Mediterranean countries. The <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasite is transmitted by the bite of a corresponding sand fly vector and primarily maintained in nature by wild and domestic reservoirs, including dogs, foxes and jackals. Infected dogs are the primary reservoir host in endemic regions and are the most significant risk disposing humans to infection. The present study aimed at assessing the prevalence of infection with <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> and identification of <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> in domestic dogs in the West Bank, Palestine.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The infection rate among domestic dogs collected from seven districts in the Palestinian West Bank was investigated by examination of parasites in culture from the buffy coat using serological and molecular methods; based on ELISA, internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and cysteine protease (CPB) PCR.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Out of 215 dogs examined for <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>, 36 (16.7%) were positive in at least one method. Twenty three animals (11.5%) were positive for <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> DNA, whereas, ELISA and culture revealed 16 (7.5%), and 4 (1.5%) respectively. CPB-PCR on one of three culture-positive isolates revealed <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> as the causative agent for <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study showed that canine <jats:italic>leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection is prevalent with varying degrees in all the seven studied districts in Palestine despite the absence of human VL cases in 4 of these districts. The causative agent was confirmed to be <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,24]],"date-time":"2012-09-24T22:11:44Z","timestamp":1348524704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Serological and molecular survey of Leishmania parasites in apparently healthy dogs in the West Bank, Palestine"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Omar","family":"Hamarsheh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abedalmajeed","family":"Nasereddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safa","family":"Damaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SamIr","family":"Sawalha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Al-Jawabreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kifaya","family":"Azmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Amro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suheir","family":"Ereqat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad","family":"Abdeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amer","family":"Al-Jawabreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"672_CR1","first-page":"289","volume":"123","author":"J Berman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Berman J: Visceral leishmaniasis in the New World & Africa. 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