{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:48:12Z","timestamp":1791053292682,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cat fleas, <jats:italic>Ctenocephalides felis<\/jats:italic>, are one of the most common ectoparasites infesting dogs and their environments. This study evaluated the efficacy of imidacloprid\u2009+\u2009pyriproxyfen (PPF) (Advantage\u00ae II for Dogs) and spinosad (Comfortis\u00ae) against established <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>felis<\/jats:italic> populations in dogs\u2019 simulated home environments.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Thirty Beagle dogs were randomly assigned to three groups of 10 dogs each and treated twice (Study Days 0 and 28) with imidacloprid\u2009+\u2009PPF, spinosad tablets, or a negative control (untreated). Dogs were housed individually in controlled simulated home environments capable of supporting the flea life cycle. Flea infestations were established in these environments by infesting each dog with 100 adult cat fleas on Study Days \u221221, -16 and 1. The impact of the treatments on fleas in the dogs\u2019 environments were assessed by collecting floor mat samples from each simulated home environment, incubating them for 32 days, and counting the number of emerging adult fleas. On Study Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56, after collection of the cocoa matting samples, each dog was infested with an additional 5\u2009\u00b1\u20091 fleas to maintain the environmental infestations. Flea comb counts on dogs were conducted on Study Days 0 (pretreatment) and 63.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>From Study Days 7\u201328, flea infestations in the imidacloprid\u2009+\u2009PPF environments were significantly lower (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.03) than those in the spinosad environments. Following the second treatment, flea infestations in all the imidacloprid\u2009+\u2009PPF environments fell to zero for the remainder of the study. In contrast, flea infestations persisted in some of the spinosad environments through the study\u2019s end.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>On Study Day 63 all 10 dogs treated with imidacloprid\u2009+\u2009PPF were flea free, while only one of the 10 spinosad treated dogs was flea free. Flea counts on the other 9 spinosad treated dogs ranged from 3 to 46 fleas\/dog (geometric mean\u2009=\u20098.6). A mean of 405 adult fleas\/animal were recovered from the control dogs on Study Day 63.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Flea infestations in environments of dogs treated with imidacloprid\u2009+\u2009PPF declined more rapidly than in those containing dogs treated with spinosad. Flea infestations were completely eliminated by Study Day 56 in environments of dogs treated with imidacloprid\u2009+\u2009PPF, but persisted through the study\u2019s end in some of environments of dogs treated with spinosad.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]],"date-time":"2012-09-07T10:14:58Z","timestamp":1347012898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of the efficacy of topically administered imidacloprid\u2009+\u2009pyriproxyfen and orally administered spinosad against cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis): Impact of treated dogs on flea life stages in a simulated home environment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Douglas H","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert G","family":"Arther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"von Simson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W","family":"Dryden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"735_CR1","first-page":"35","volume":"17","author":"M Craig","year":"2012","unstructured":"Craig M: Therapy of flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) in dogs and cats: Part 1. Companion Animal. 2012, 17: 35-39.","journal-title":"Companion Animal"},{"key":"735_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(89)90171-4","volume":"34","author":"M Dryden","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dryden M: Host association, on-host longevity and egg production of Ctenocephalides felis. Vet Parasitol. 1989, 34: 117-122. 10.1016\/0304-4017(89)90171-4.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"735_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.451","volume":"42","author":"MK Rust","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rust MK, Dryden MW: The biology, ecology and management of the cat flea. Ann Rev Entomol. 1997, 42: 451-473. 10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.451.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Entomol"},{"key":"735_CR4","first-page":"569","volume":"15","author":"M Dryden","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dryden M: Biology of fleas of dogs and cats. Comp Cont Ed Prac Vet. 1993, 15: 569-579.","journal-title":"Comp Cont Ed Prac Vet"},{"issue":"3","key":"735_CR5","first-page":"89","volume":"35","author":"A Chin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chin A, Lunn P, Dryden M: Persistent flea infestations in dogs and cats controlled with monthly topical applications of fipronil and methoprene. Aust Vet Prac. 2005, 35 (3): 89-96.","journal-title":"Aust Vet Prac"},{"key":"735_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.2.421","volume":"30","author":"KG Palma","year":"1993","unstructured":"Palma KG, Meola SM, Meola RW: Mode of action of pyriproxyfen and methoprene on eggs of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Med Entomol. 1993, 30: 421-426.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"8","key":"735_CR7","first-page":"383","volume":"55","author":"D Stanneck","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stanneck D, Larsen K, Mencke N: An evaluation of the effects of pyriproxyfen on eggs and the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis. Irish Veterinary Journal. 2002, 55 (8): 383-387.","journal-title":"Irish Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"735_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00293-4","volume":"91","author":"DJ Shanks","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shanks DJ, Rowan TG, Jones RL, Watson P, Murphy MG, Smith DG, Jernigan AD: Efficacy of selamectin in the treatment and prevention of flea (Ctenocephalides felis) infestations in dogs and cats in simulated home environments. Vet Parasitol. 2000, 91: 213-222. 10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00293-4.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"735_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00051-1","volume":"106","author":"LK Ritzhaupt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ritzhaupt LK, Rowan TG, Jones RL, Cracknell VC, Murphy MG, Shanks DJ: Evaluation of the comparative efficacy of selamectin against fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) infestations on dogs and cats in simulated home environments. Vet Parasitol. 2002, 106 (2): 165-175. 10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00051-1.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"735_CR10","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the AAVP: 31 July \u2013 3 August 2010; Atlanta","author":"DE Snyder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Snyder DE: Efficacy of flavored spinosad tablets administered orally to dogs in a simulated home environment (SHE) for the control of existing flea (Ctenocephalides felis) infestations [abstract). Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the AAVP: 31 July \u2013 3 August 2010; Atlanta. 2010, 51-"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-192.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T20:29:26Z","timestamp":1630528166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-192","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 August 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"192"}}