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Changes in the expression of PCNA act as an early warning system of changes to the gut and this application has not been applied to the fields of aquatic parasitology and fish health. The current study set out to determine whether a population of wild brown trout,<jats:italic>Salmo trutta trutta<\/jats:italic>(L.) harbouring an infection of the acanthocephalan<jats:italic>Dentitruncus truttae<\/jats:italic>Sinzar, 1955 collected from Lake Piediluco in Central Italy also effected changes in the expression of PCNA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 29 brown trout were investigated, 19 of which (<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>65.5%) were found to harbour acanthocephalans (5\u2013320 worms fish<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>). Histological sections of both uninfected and infected intestinal material were immunostained for PCNA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The expression of PCNA was observed in the epithelial cells in the intestinal crypts and within the mast cells and fibroblasts in the submucosa layer which is consistent with its role in cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. The number of PCNA-positive cells in both the intestinal epithelium and the submucosa layer in regions close to the point of parasite attachment were significantly higher than the number observed in uninfected individuals and in infected individuals in zones at least 0.7\u2009cm from the point of parasite attachment (ANOVA,<jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>An infection of the acanthocephalan<jats:italic>D. truttae<\/jats:italic>within the intestinal tract of<jats:italic>S. t. trutta<\/jats:italic>effected a significant increase in the number of PCNA positive cells (mast cells and fibroblasts) at the site of parasite attachment when compared to the number of positive cells found in uninfected conspecifics and in tissue zones away from the point of parasite attachment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]],"date-time":"2012-09-11T08:14:17Z","timestamp":1347351257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in the intestine of Salmo trutta trutta naturally infected with an acanthocephalan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Bahram Sayyaf","family":"Dezfuli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Giari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Squerzanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Castaldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew Paul","family":"Shinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Manera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Lorenzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"691_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-1136(94)00061-S","volume":"39","author":"LS Ortego","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ortego LS, Hawkins WE, Walker WW, Krol RM, Benson WH: Immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in tissues of aquatic animals utilized in toxicity bioassays. 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