{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T17:46:10Z","timestamp":1794678370550,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Dengue, chikungunya, malaria, filariasis and Japanese encephalitis are common mosquito-borne diseases endemic to Sri Lanka. <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>, the major vectors of dengue, were recently shown to undergo pre-imaginal development in brackish water bodies in the island. A limited survey of selected coastal localities of the Jaffna district in northern Sri Lanka was carried out to identify mosquito species undergoing pre-imaginal development in brackish and saline waters. The effect of salinity on the toxicity of <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis<\/jats:italic> larvicide to <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> larvae at salinity levels naturally tolerated by <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> was examined.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Larvae collected at the selected sites along the Jaffna coast were identified and salinity of habitat water determined in the laboratory. The LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> and LC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>thuringiensis<\/jats:italic> toxin, the active ingredient of a commercial formulation of the larvicide BACTIVEC\u00ae, were determined with <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> larvae. Bioassays were also carried out at salinities varying from 0 to18 ppt to determine the toxicity of <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic> to fresh and brackish water-derived larvae of <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Larvae of four <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>, two <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>, one <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> and one <jats:italic>Lutzia<\/jats:italic> species were collected from brackish and saline sites with salinity in the range 2 to 68 ppt. The LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> and LC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>thuringiensis<\/jats:italic> toxin for the second instar larvae of <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> in fresh water were 0.006 ppm and 0.013 ppm respectively, with corresponding values for brackish water populations of 0.008 and 0.012 ppm respectively. One hundred percent survival of second instar fresh water and brackish water-derived <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> larvae was recorded at salinity up to 10 and 12 ppt and 100% mortality at 16 and 18 ppt, yielding an LC <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> for salinity of 13.9 ppt and 15.4 ppt at 24 h post-treatment respectively for the two populations. Statistical analysis showed significantly reduced toxicity of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>thuringiensis<\/jats:italic> to fresh and brackish water-derived <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> larvae at high salinities.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A variety of mosquito vectors of human diseases undergo pre-imaginal development in brackish or saline waters in coastal areas of the Jaffna district in northern Sri Lanka. Salinity has a small but significant negative impact on the toxicity of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>thuringiensis<\/jats:italic> toxin to <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> larvae at salinity levels where <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> larvae are found in the environment. This has implications for the use of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>thuringiensis<\/jats:italic> toxin as a larvicide in brackish waters.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,22]],"date-time":"2012-11-22T11:14:16Z","timestamp":1353582856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Salinity-tolerant larvae of mosquito vectors in the tropical coast of Jaffna, Sri Lanka and the effect of salinity on the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis to Aedes aegypti larvae"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Pavilupillai J","family":"Jude","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tharmatha","family":"Tharmasegaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gobika","family":"Sivasubramaniyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meena","family":"Senthilnanthanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selvam","family":"Kannathasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selvarajah","family":"Raveendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjan","family":"Ramasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinnathamby N","family":"Surendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"762_CR1","volume-title":"Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control. 2011, http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2009\/9789241547871_eng.pdf (Accessed July 12, 2011)"},{"key":"762_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.10.008","volume":"85","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weaver SC, Reisen WK: Present and future arboviral threats. 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