{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:08:16Z","timestamp":1790442496163,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Hyalomma aegyptium<\/jats:italic> is a hard-tick with a typical three-host life cycle. The main hosts are Palearctic tortoises of genus <jats:italic>Testudo<\/jats:italic>. However, other hosts can be used by immature ticks for feeding in natural conditions. Given this complex ecology and multiple host use, the circulation of pathogens by <jats:italic>H. aegyptium<\/jats:italic> between various hosts can be important from epidemiological point of view. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of <jats:italic>H. aegyptium<\/jats:italic> as natural carrier of four important zoonotic pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>From 2008 to 2011, 448 <jats:italic>H. aegyptium<\/jats:italic> ticks were collected from 45 Spur-thighed tortoises, <jats:italic>Testudo graeca<\/jats:italic> in Romania. DNA was extracted individually from each tick using a commercial kit. DNA was examined for the presence of specific sequences of <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> s.l<jats:italic>., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> by PCR, according to previously described protocols.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>PCR analysis of <jats:italic>H. aegyptium<\/jats:italic> revealed the presence of <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> (18.8%)<jats:italic>, E. canis<\/jats:italic> (14.1%) and <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> (10%). 32.4% of the ticks were infected with at least one pathogen and 9.8% had co-infections. The stages most frequently infected were nymphs (50%) followed by males (33.9%) and females (27%). The number of tortoises which harboured infected ticks was 27\/45 examined (60%). From all tested <jats:italic>T. graeca<\/jats:italic>, 40% harboured ticks infected with <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>, 46.7% had ticks infected with <jats:italic>E. canis<\/jats:italic> and 33.3% had ticks with <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>. This study reports for the first time the presence of <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. canis<\/jats:italic> in <jats:italic>H. aegyptium.<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The presence and relatively high prevalence of three important zoonotic pathogens in <jats:italic>H. aegyptium<\/jats:italic> raises the question of their epidemiologic importance in disease ecology. As tortoises are unlikely to be reservoir hosts for <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. canis<\/jats:italic> and both these pathogens are common in <jats:italic>H. aegyptium<\/jats:italic>, this is an important indication for (1) a possible increased host-switching behaviour of these ticks to competent reservoir hosts (i.e. hedgehogs) and (2) transstadial transmission. Furthermore, if we consider also the presence of <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>, we conclude that <jats:italic>T. graeca<\/jats:italic> and its ticks should be evaluated more seriously when assessing the eco-epidemiology of zoonotic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,28]],"date-time":"2012-12-28T17:14:38Z","timestamp":1356714878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Zoonotic pathogens associated with Hyalomma aegyptium in endangered tortoises: evidence for host-switching behaviour in ticks?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Anamaria I","family":"Pa\u0219tiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana A","family":"Matei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei D","family":"Mihalca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirabela O","family":"Dumitrache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsa","family":"Kalm\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila D","family":"S\u00e1ndor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menelaos","family":"Lefkaditis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u0103lin M","family":"Gherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasile","family":"Cozma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"806_CR1","first-page":"515","volume":"38","author":"DA Apanaskevich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Apanaskevich DA: Host\u2013parasite relationships of the genus Hyalomma Koch (Acari, Ixodidae) and their connection with microevolutionary processes. Parazitologiya. 2004, 38: 515-523. in Russian","journal-title":"Parazitologiya"},{"key":"806_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-71","volume":"4","author":"AD Mihalca","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mihalca AD, Gherman CM, Cozma V: Coendangered hard-ticks: threatened or threatening?. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 71-10.1186\/1756-3305-4-71.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"806_CR3","volume-title":"Mirovoe rasprostranenie iksodovykh kleshchey. Rody Hyalomma, Aponomma, Amblyomma [World distribution of ixodid ticks. Genera Hyalomma, Aponomma, Amblyomma]","author":"GV Kolonin","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kolonin GV: Mirovoe rasprostranenie iksodovykh kleshchey. Rody Hyalomma, Aponomma, Amblyomma [World distribution of ixodid ticks. Genera Hyalomma, Aponomma, Amblyomma]. 1983, Moskva, SSSR: Nauka, in Russian"},{"key":"806_CR4","first-page":"47","volume":"37","author":"DA Apanaskevich","year":"2003","unstructured":"Apanaskevich DA: K diagnostike vida Hyalomma (Hyalomma) aegyptium (Acari, Ixodidae) [To diagnostics of Hyalomma (Hyalomma) aegyptium (Acari: Ixodidae)]. Parazitologiya. 2003, 37: 47-59. in Russian","journal-title":"Parazitologiya"},{"key":"806_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-006-9036-z","volume":"40","author":"P \u0160irok\u00fd","year":"2006","unstructured":"\u0160irok\u00fd P, Petr\u017eelkov\u00e1 KJ, Kamler M, Mihalca AD, Modr\u00fd D: Hyalomma aegyptium as dominant tick in tortoises of the genus Testudo in Balkan countries, with notes on its host preferences. Exp Appl Acarol. 2006, 40: 279-290.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"806_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.6870","volume-title":"African Ixodoidea. I. Ticks of the Sudan","author":"H Hoogstraal","year":"1956","unstructured":"Hoogstraal H: African Ixodoidea. I. Ticks of the Sudan. 1956, Washington, DC, USA: Department of the navy, bureau of medicine and surgery"},{"key":"806_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/53.4.457","volume":"53","author":"H Hoogstraal","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hoogstraal H, Kaiser MN: Some host relationships of the tortoise tick.Hyalomma (Hyalommasta) aegyptium(L.) (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) in Turkey. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 1960, 53: 457-458.","journal-title":"Ann Entomol Soc Am"},{"key":"806_CR8","first-page":"177","volume":"11","author":"GV Kolonin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kolonin GV: Reptiles as hosts of ticks. Russ J Herp. 2004, 11: 177-180.","journal-title":"Russ J Herp"},{"key":"806_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0809-z","volume":"102","author":"Z Vatansever","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vatansever Z, Gargili A, Aysul NS, Sengoz G, Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A: Ticks biting humans in the urban area of Istanbul. Parasitol Res. 2008, 102: 551-553. 10.1007\/s00436-007-0809-z.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"806_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2010.00075.x","volume":"35","author":"A Bursali","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bursali A, Tekin S, Orhan M, Keskin A, Ozkan M: Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting humans in Tokat Province of Turkey: species diversity and seasonal activity. J Vector Ecol. 2010, 35: 180-186. 10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2010.00075.x.","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"806_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3767","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07945-11","volume":"78","author":"R De Sousa","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Sousa R, Lopes De Carvalho I, Santos AS, Bernardes C, Milhano N, Jesus J, Menezes D, N\u00fancio MS: Role of the lizard Teira dugesii as a potential host for Ixodes ricinus tick-borne pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012, 78: 3767-3769. 10.1128\/AEM.07945-11.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"806_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(50)90074-5","volume":"44","author":"HN Ray","year":"1950","unstructured":"Ray HN: Hereditary transmission of Theileria annulata infection in the tick, Hyalomma aegyptium Neum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1950, 44: 93-104. 10.1016\/0035-9203(50)90074-5.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"806_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.03050-0","volume":"54","author":"ES G\u00fcner","year":"2004","unstructured":"G\u00fcner ES, Watanabe M, Hashimoto N, Kadosaka T, Kawamura Y, Ezaki T, Kawabata H, Imai Y, Kaneda K, Masuzawa T: Borrelia turcica sp. nov., isolated from the hard tick Hyalomma aegyptium in Turkey. Int J Sys Evol Micr. 2004, 54: 1649-1652. 10.1099\/ijs.0.03050-0.","journal-title":"Int J Sys Evol Micr"},{"key":"806_CR14","first-page":"166","volume":"1","author":"S Kar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kar S, Y\u0131lmazer N, Midilli K, Ergin S, Alp H, Garg\u0131l\u0131 A: Presence of the zoonotic Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Rickettsia spp. in the ticks from wild tortoises and hedgehogs. J Marmara Univ Inst Health Sci. 2011, 1: 166-170.","journal-title":"J Marmara Univ Inst Health Sci"},{"key":"806_CR15","first-page":"130","volume":"56","author":"ED Sergent","year":"1904","unstructured":"Sergent ED, Sergent ET: Sur une h\u00e9mogr\u00e9garine, parasite de Testudo mauritanica. C R Soc Biol. 1904, 56: 130-131.","journal-title":"C R Soc Biol"},{"key":"806_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/200209117","volume":"9","author":"I Paperna","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paperna I, Kremer-Mecabell T, Finkelman S: Hepatozoon kisrae n. sp. infecting the lizardAgama stelliois transmitted by the tickHyalommacf.aegyptium. Parasite. 2002, 9: 17-27.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"806_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02274.x","volume":"15","author":"I Bitam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bitam I, Kernif T, Harrat Z, Parola P, Raoult D: First detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hyalomma aegyptium from Algeria. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009, 15: 253-254.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"806_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2037-1","volume":"107","author":"P \u0160irok\u00fd","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u0160irok\u00fd P, Kubelov\u00e1 M, Modr\u00fd D, Erhart J, Liter\u00e1k I, \u0160pitalsk\u00e1 E, Kocianov\u00e1 E: Tortoise tick Hyalomma aegyptium as long term carrier of Q fever agent Coxiella burnetii - evidence from experimental infection. Parasitol Res. 2010, 107: 1515-1520. 10.1007\/s00436-010-2037-1.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"806_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-012-9566-5","volume":"58","author":"AD Mihalca","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mihalca AD, Dumitrache MO, Magda\u015f C, Gherman CM, Dom\u015fa C, Mircean V, Ghira IV, Pocora V, Ionescu DT, Sik\u00f3 Barab\u00e1si S, Cozma V, S\u00e1ndor AD: Synopsis of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of Romania with update on host associations and geographical distribution. Exp Appl Acarol. 2012, 58: 183-206. 10.1007\/s10493-012-9566-5.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"806_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-15.1.15","volume":"15","author":"MP Yadav","year":"1979","unstructured":"Yadav MP, Sethi MS: Poikilotherms as reservoirs of Q-fever (Coxiella burnetii) in Uttar Pradesh. J Wildl Dis. 1979, 15: 15-17.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"806_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.03.005","volume":"298","author":"V Majl\u00e1thov\u00e1","year":"2008","unstructured":"Majl\u00e1thov\u00e1 V, Majl\u00e1th I, Hromada M, Tryjanowski P, Bona M, Antczak M, V\u00edchov\u00e1 B, Dzimko S, Mihalca A, Pet\u2019ko B: The role of the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) in the transmission cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Int J Med Microbiol. 2008, 298: 161-167.","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"806_CR22","first-page":"438","volume":"86","author":"TF Peter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Peter TF, Burridge MJ, Mahan SM: Competence of the African tortoise tick, Amblyomma marmoreum (Acari: Ixodidae), as a vector of the agent of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium). J Parasitol. 2000, 86: 438-441.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"806_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3306","volume":"90","author":"P \u0160irok\u00fd","year":"2004","unstructured":"\u0160irok\u00fd P, Kamler M, Modry D: Long-term occurrence of Hemoliviacf.mauritanica(Apicomplexa: Adeleina: Haemogregarinidae) in captiveTestudo marginata (Reptilia: Testudinidae): Evidence for cyclic merogony? . J Parasitol. 2004, 90: 1391-1393. 10.1645\/GE-3306.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"806_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0915","volume":"12","author":"V Mircean","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mircean V, Dumitrache MO, Gy\u00f6rke A, Pantchev N, Jodies R, Mihalca AD, Cozma V: Seroprevalence and geographic distribution of Dirofilaria immitis and tick-borne infections (Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Ehrlichia canis) in dogs from Romania. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012, 12: 595-604. 10.1089\/vbz.2011.0915.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"806_CR25","volume-title":"Fauna RPR. Arachnida. Vol V. Fasc 2","author":"Z Feider","year":"1965","unstructured":"Feider Z: Fauna RPR. Arachnida. Vol V. Fasc 2. 1965, Bucure\u015fti: Academiei RPR, in Romanian"},{"key":"806_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.5.552","volume":"85","author":"U Pleyer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pleyer U, Priem S, Bergmann L, Burmester G, Hartmann C, Krause A: Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in urine of patients with ocular Lyme borreliosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001, 85: 552-555. 10.1136\/bjo.85.5.552.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"806_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3164-3168.2004","volume":"42","author":"JW Courtney","year":"2004","unstructured":"Courtney JW, Kostelnik LM, Zeidner NS, Massung RF: Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi. J Clin Microbiol. 2004, 42: 3164-3168. 10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3164-3168.2004.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"806_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2011.05.002","volume":"34","author":"A Alsaleh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alsaleh A, Pellerin JL, Rodolakis A, Larrat M, Cochonneau D, Bruyas JF, Fieni F: Detection of Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever, in oviducts and uterine flushing media and in genital tract tissues of the non pregnant goat. Comp Immunol Microb. 2011, 34: 355-360. 10.1016\/j.cimid.2011.05.002.","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microb"},{"key":"806_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605743","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/605743","volume":"2012","author":"TE Rotondano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rotondano TE, de Almeida AM, Lustosa EM, Cordeiro AA, Camboim EK, de Azvedo SS, de Andrade PP, de Melo MA: An assessment of whole blood and fractions by nested PCR as a DNA source for diagnosing canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. Scientific World Journal. 2012, 2012: 605743-","journal-title":"Scientific World Journal"},{"key":"806_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.16.27.19906-en","volume":"16","author":"A Rizzoli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rizzoli A, Hauffe HC, Carpi G, Vourc\u2019h GI, Rosa R, Neteler M: Lyme borreliosis in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2011, 16: 1-8.","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"806_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2307\/3435012","volume":"109","author":"DJ Gubler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gubler DJ, Reiter P, Ebi KL, Yap W, Nasci R, Patz JA: Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector and rodent-borne diseases. Environ Health Perspect. 2001, 109: 223-233.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"806_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.06.005","volume":"35","author":"S Harrus","year":"2005","unstructured":"Harrus S, Baneth G: Drivers for the emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne protozoal and bacterial diseases. Int J Parasitol. 2005, 35: 1309-1318. 10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.06.005.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"806_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09575","volume":"468","author":"F Keesing","year":"2010","unstructured":"Keesing F, Belden LK, Daszak P, Dobson A, Harvell CD, Holt RD, Hudson P, Jolles A, Jones KE, Mitchell CE, Myers SS, Bogich T, Ostfeld RS: Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Nature. 2010, 468: 647-652. 10.1038\/nature09575.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"806_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-191","volume":"5","author":"C Silaghi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Silaghi C, Woll D, Hamel D, Pfister K, Mahling M, Pfeffer M: Babesia spp. andAnaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ticks, ticks parasitizing rodents and the parasitized rodents - Analyzing the host-pathogen-vector interface in a metropolitan area. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 5: 191-10.1186\/1756-3305-5-191.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"806_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.09.008","volume":"3","author":"J Skuballa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Skuballa J, Petney T, Pf\u00e4ffle M, Oehme R, Hartelt K, Fingerle V, Kimmig P, Taraschewski H: Occurrence of different Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies including B. afzelii, B. bavariensis, and B. spielmanii in hedgehogs (Erinaceus spp.) in Europe. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2012, 3: 8-13. 10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.09.008.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"806_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-184","volume":"5","author":"TGT Jaenson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jaenson TGT, Hjertqvist M, Bergstr\u00f6m T, Lundkvist \u00c5: Why is tick-borne encephalitis increasing? A review of the key factors causing the increasing incidence of human TBE in Sweden. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 5: 184-10.1186\/1756-3305-5-184.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"806_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.6.2128-2133.2000","volume":"38","author":"S De Michelis","year":"2000","unstructured":"De Michelis S, Sewell HS, Collares-Pereira M, Santos-Reis M, Schouls LM, Benes V, Holmes EC, Kurtenbach K: Genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks from mainland Portugal. J Clin Microbiol. 2000, 38: 2128-2133.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"806_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-182","volume":"4","author":"A Ekner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ekner A, Dudek K, Sajkowska Z, Majl\u00e1thov\u00e1 V, Majl\u00e1th I, Tryjanowski P: Anaplasmataceae andBorrelia burgdorferisensulato in the sand lizardLacerta agilis and co-infection of these bacteria in hostedIxodes ricinusticks. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 182-10.1186\/1756-3305-4-182.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"806_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-42","volume":"3","author":"E Tijsse-Klasen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tijsse-Klasen E, Fonville M, Reimerink JHJ, van der Sluijs Spitzen A, Sprong H: Role of sand lizards in the ecology of Lyme and other tick-borne diseases in the Netherlands. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 42-10.1186\/1756-3305-3-42.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"806_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996325.0091","volume-title":"Lyme Borreliosis: Biology, Epidemiology and Control","author":"L Eisen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eisen L, Lane RS: Vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Lyme Borreliosis: Biology, Epidemiology and Control. 2002, Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing, 91-115."},{"key":"806_CR41","first-page":"212","volume":"103","author":"AR Alleman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alleman AR, Wamsley HL: An update on anaplasmosis in dogs. Vet Med. 2008, 103: 212-220.","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"806_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-102","volume":"3","author":"KS Smrdel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smrdel KS, Serdt M, Duh D, Knap N, Zupanc TA: Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks in Slovenia. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 102-10.1186\/1756-3305-3-102.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"806_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1983.1","volume":"95","author":"NC Nieto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nieto NC, Foley JE, Bettaso J, Lane RS: Reptile infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis. J Parasitol. 2009, 95: 1165-1170. 10.1645\/GE-1983.1.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"806_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-009-9332-5","volume":"51","author":"M Nowak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nowak M, Cieniuch S, Sta\u0144czak J, Siuda K: Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Amblyomma flavomaculatum ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from lizard Varanus exanthematicus imported to Poland. Exp Appl Acarol. 2010, 51: 363-371. 10.1007\/s10493-009-9332-5.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"806_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01101.x","volume":"57","author":"A Torina","year":"2010","unstructured":"Torina A, Alongi A, Scimeca S, Vicente J, Caracappa S, de la Fuente J: Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks in Sicily. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2010, 57: 46-48. 10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01101.x.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"806_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-66","volume":"3","author":"K Severinsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Severinsson K, Jaenson TG, Pettersson J, Falk K, Nilsson K: Detection and prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia helvetica in Ixodes ricinus ticks in seven study areas in Sweden. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 66-10.1186\/1756-3305-3-66.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"806_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.3.286","volume":"4","author":"Y Rikihisa","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rikihisa Y: The tribe Ehrlichieae and ehrlichial diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1991, 4: 286-308.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"806_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-26","volume":"3","author":"FD Torres","year":"2010","unstructured":"Torres FD: Biology and ecology of the brown dog tick,Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 26-10.1186\/1756-3305-3-26.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"806_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","volume":"12","author":"M Maurin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Maurin M, Raoult D: Q fever. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999, 12: 518-553.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"806_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1355.018","volume":"1063","author":"J Kazar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kazar J: Coxiella burnetii infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005, 1063: 105-114. 10.1196\/annals.1355.018.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"806_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1374.077","volume":"1078","author":"A Psaroulaki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Psaroulaki A, Ragiadakou D, Kouris G, Papadopoulos B, Chaniotis B, Tselentis Y: Ticks, tick-borne Rickettsiae, and Coxiella burnetii in the Greek Island of Cephalonia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006, 1078: 389-399. 10.1196\/annals.1374.077.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"806_CR52","first-page":"974","volume":"39","author":"J \u0158eh\u00e1\u010dek","year":"1968","unstructured":"\u0158eh\u00e1\u010dek J, Brezina R: Detection of Coxiella burnetii in saliva of experimentally infected ticks, Hyalomma dromedarii Koch. Bull World Health Organ. 1968, 39: 974-977.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"806_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.781","volume":"60","author":"K Hirai","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hirai K, To H: Advances in the understanding of Coxiella burnetii infection in Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 1998, 60: 781-790. 10.1292\/jvms.60.781.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"806_CR54","first-page":"387","volume":"49","author":"D Murariu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Murariu D: Mammal ecology and distribution from North Dobrogea (Romania). Travaux du Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle \u00c2\u00abGrigore Antipa\u00c2\u00bb. 2006, 49: 387-399.","journal-title":"Travaux du Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle \u00c2\u00abGrigore Antipa\u00c2\u00bb"},{"key":"806_CR55","unstructured":"Van den Brom R, Moll L, van Schaik G, Vellema P: Demography of Q fever seroprevalence in sheep and goats in The Netherlands in 2008. Prev Vet Med. in press"},{"key":"806_CR56","first-page":"28","volume":"60","author":"D Ardeleanu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ardeleanu D, Neac\u015fu GM, Pivoda CA, Enciu A: Poliparasitism structure in small ruminants in Dobrogea. Bull Univ Agri Sci Vet Med, Vet Med Book Ser. 2003, 60: 28-32. in Romanian","journal-title":"Bull Univ Agri Sci Vet Med, Vet Med Book Ser"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-301.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T21:54:17Z","timestamp":1630533257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["806"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-301","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 December 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"301"}}