{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:48:08Z","timestamp":1791053288154,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Precise data on quantitative kinetics of blood feeding of fleas, particularly immediately after contact with the host, are essential for understanding dynamics of flea-borne disease transmission and for evaluating flea control strategies. Standard methods used are inadequate for studies that simulate early events after real-life flea access to the host.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Here, we developed a novel quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting mammalian DNA within fleas to quantify blood consumption with high sensitivity and specificity. We used primers and fluorescent probes that amplify the hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene, an evolutionary divergent gene that is unlikely to be detected in insects by mammalian-specific primers and probes. To validate this assay, fleas were placed on dogs, allowed to distribute in the hair, and removed at specific time points with single-use combs. Fleas were then immediately homogenized by vigorous shaking with ceramic beads in guanidinium-based DNA preservation buffer for DNA extraction.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The specificity of this assay was ascertained by amplification of canine, feline and equine blood with differential product melting temperatures (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>), and lack of amplification of bovine and porcine blood and of adult fleas reared from larvae fed with bovine blood. Sensitivity of the assay was established by limiting dilution and detection of single copies of HMBS DNA equivalent to 0.043 nL blood. Application of the assay indicated that after 15 minutes on a dog, male and female fleas had ingested low, but similar amounts of approximately 1.1. nL blood. Saturation uptake of 118 and 100 nL blood per flea was found at 30 and 60 min on the dog, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The HMBS PCR method developed here offers the advantages of both exquisite sensitivity and specificity that make it superior to other approaches for quantification of blood ingested by fleas. The capability to detect minute quantities of blood in single fleas, particularly immediately after colonization of the host, will provide a superior tool for studying flea-host interactions, flea-borne disease transmission, and flea control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]],"date-time":"2012-01-04T12:50:59Z","timestamp":1325681459000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Real-time PCR of the mammalian hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene for analysis of flea (Ctenocephalides felis) feeding patterns on dogs"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Chengming","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Mount","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongya","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euisun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byron L","family":"Blagburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Kaltenboeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"495_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)90031-0","volume":"52","author":"M Dryden","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dryden M, Rust M: The cat flea - biology, ecology and control. Vet Parasitol. 1994, 52: 1-19. 10.1016\/0304-4017(94)90031-0.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"495_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.451","volume":"42","author":"M Rust","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rust M, Dryden M: The biology, ecology and management of the cat flea. Ann Rev Entomol. 1997, 42: 451-473. 10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.451.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Entomol"},{"key":"495_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.07.001","volume":"39","author":"BL Blagburn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blagburn BL, Dryden MW: Biology, treatment and control of flea and tick infestation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1173-200. 10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.07.001.","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"495_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1008","volume":"66","author":"JE Woods","year":"2005","unstructured":"Woods JE, Brewer MM, Hawley JR, Wisnewski N, Lappin MR: Evaluation of experimental transmission of Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum and Mycoplasma haemofelis by Ctenocephalides felis to cats. Am J Vet Res. 2005, 66: 1008-1012. 10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1008.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"495_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.01.025","volume":"123","author":"EB Breitschwerdt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Breitschwerdt EB: Feline bartonellosis and cat scratch disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2008, 123: 167-171. 10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.01.025.","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"495_CR6","first-page":"411","volume":"72","author":"A Kamrani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kamrani A, Parreira VR, Greenwood J, Prescott JF: The prevalence of Bartonella, hemoplasma, and Rickettsia felis infections in domestic cats and in cat fleas in Ontario. Can J Vet Res. 2008, 72: 411-419.","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"495_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2805","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002805","volume":"3","author":"KE Reif","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reif KE, Stout RW, Henry GC, Foil LD, Maculuso KR: Prevalence and infection load dynamics of Rickettsia felis in actively feeding cat fleas. PloS One. 2008, 3: e2805-10.1371\/journal.pone.0002805.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"495_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-191","volume":"4","author":"AM Schotthoefer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schotthoefer AM, Bearden SW, Holmes JL, Vetter SM, Montenieri JA, Williams SK, Graham CB, Woods ME, Eisen RJ, Gage KL: Effects of temperature on the transmission of Yersinia Pestis by the flea, Xenopsylla Cheopis, in the late phase period. Parasites &Vectors. 2011, 4: 191-201. 10.1186\/1756-3305-4-191.","journal-title":"Parasites &Vectors"},{"key":"495_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/28.3.394","volume":"28","author":"MW Dryden","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dryden MW, Gaafar SM: Blood consumption by the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). 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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988, 85: 6-10. 10.1073\/pnas.85.1.6.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"495_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.2144\/03341rr01","volume":"34","author":"FJ DeGraves","year":"2003","unstructured":"DeGraves FJ, Gao D, Kaltenboeck B: High-sensitivity quantitative PCR platform. BioTechniques. 2003, 34: 106-110. 112-115","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"495_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-37.4.634","volume":"37","author":"MC Cadiergues","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cadiergues MC, Hourcq P, Cantaloube B, Franc M: First blood meal of Ctenocephalides felis felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) on cats: time to initiation and duration of feeding. 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J Vect Ecol. 2010, 35: 363-371. 10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2010.00095.x.","journal-title":"J Vect Ecol"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T18:13:21Z","timestamp":1630520001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"4"}}