{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T10:44:11Z","timestamp":1782470651774,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,7]],"date-time":"2012-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1331078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-46","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,7]],"date-time":"2012-03-07T09:14:21Z","timestamp":1331111661000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Insecticide resistance in the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi from Khartoum State, Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mo'awia Mukhtar","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally Osman","family":"Widaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman Mohieldin","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona Siddig Mohammed","family":"Numiary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihad Abdelaal","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hind Mohammed","family":"Abushama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"534_CR1","volume-title":"Control of the leishmaniasis. Executive Board 118th session","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Control of the leishmaniasis. Executive Board 118th session. 2006, WHO\/EB 118.4 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"534_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90216-0","volume":"95","author":"AM El-Hassan","year":"2001","unstructured":"El-Hassan AM, Zijlstra EE: Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 95 (Suppl 1): 1-17.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"534_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90218-4","volume":"95","author":"EE Zijlstra","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zijlstra EE, El-Hassan AM: Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 95 (Suppl 1): 27-58.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"534_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1179\/136485907X229040","volume":"101","author":"MM Hassan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hassan MM, Widaa SO, Ibrahim MA, AbuShara R, Osman MO, Numairy MSM, Khider EM: Studies on ecology of sand flies in Sudan: the First Records of Phlebotomus orientalis and Phlebotomus rodhaini (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Northern Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2007, 101 (7): 653-655.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"8","key":"534_CR5","first-page":"793","volume":"79","author":"R Singh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Singh R, Das RK, Sharma SK: Resistance of sandflies to DDT in Kala-azar endemic districts of Bihar, India. Bull World Health Organ. 2001, 79 (8): 793-","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"534_CR6","first-page":"467","volume":"123","author":"K Kishore","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kishore K, Kumar V, Kesari S, Dinesh DS, Kumar AJ, Das P, Bhattacharya SK: Vector control in leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res. 2006, 123: 467-472.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"534_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1079\/BER2005368","volume":"95","author":"SN Surendran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Surendran SN, Karunaratne SHP, Adams Z, Hemingway J, Hawkes NJ: Molecular and biochemical characterization of a sand fly population from Sri Lanka: evidence for insecticide resistance due to altered esterases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase. Bull Entomol Res. 2005, 95: 371-380.","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"534_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762008000700019","volume":"103","author":"R Lins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lins R, Souza NA, Peixoto AA: Genetic divergence between two sympatric species of the Lutzomyia longipalpis complex in the paralytic gene, a locus associated with insecticide resistance and lovesong production. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008, 103 (7): 736-740. 10.1590\/S0074-02762008000700019.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"534_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-236","volume":"4","author":"Y Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhang H, Qiao C, Lu X, Cui F: Correlation between carboxylesterase alleles and insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens complex from China. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 236-10.1186\/1756-3305-4-236.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"534_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300018836","volume":"79","author":"SM El-Sayed","year":"1989","unstructured":"El-Sayed SM, Hemingway J, Lane RP: Susceptibility baselines for DDT metabolism and related enzyme systems in the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae). Bull Entomol Res. 1989, 79: 679-684. 10.1017\/S0007485300018836.","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"key":"534_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-154","volume":"4","author":"YE Himeidan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Himeidan YE, Abdel Hamid MM, Jones CM, Ranson H: Extensive permethrin and DDT resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from eastern and central Sudan. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 154-10.1186\/1756-3305-4-154.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"534_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.10.008","volume":"102","author":"H Abdallah","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abdallah H, Matamboa TS, Koekemoera LL, Mnzavae AP, Hunta RH, Coetzeea M: Insecticide susceptibility and vector status of natural populations of Anopheles arabiensis from Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008, 102: 263-271. 10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.10.008.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"534_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X252269","volume":"102","author":"EA Khalil","year":"2008","unstructured":"Khalil EA, Musa AM, Elgawi SH, Meshasha A, Gamar Eldawla I, Elhassan MO, Eljaleel KA, Younis BM, Elfaki ME, Elhassan AM: Revival of a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in central Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2008, 102 (1): 79-80. 10.1179\/136485908X252269.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"534_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/00034989761157","volume":"91","author":"DA Elnaiem","year":"1997","unstructured":"Elnaiem DA, Hassan KH, Ward RD: Phlebotomine sandflies in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in a border area of eastern Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1997, 91: 307-318. 10.1080\/00034989761157.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"534_CR15","first-page":"420","volume":"3","author":"MM Hassan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hassan MM, Elhassan AM, Musa AM, Osman OF, El Raba'a FMA, Balkew M, Elhassan IM: Establishment and maintenance of a laboratory colony of the sandfly Phlebotomus orientalis (Diptera: Psychodidae) the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan. Khartoum Med J. 2010, 3 (2): 420-424.","journal-title":"Khartoum Med J"},{"key":"534_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.1951.tb00759.x","volume":"102","author":"R Kirk","year":"1951","unstructured":"Kirk R, Lewis DJ: The phlebotomine of the Ethiopian region. Trans R Entomol Soc London. 1951, 102: 383-510.","journal-title":"Trans R Entomol Soc London"},{"key":"534_CR17","volume-title":"WHO\/CDS\/MAL\/98.12 Geneva, Switzerland","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1998","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vectors, bio-efficacy and persistence of insecticide on treated surfaces. WHO\/CDS\/MAL\/98.12 Geneva, Switzerland. 1998"},{"key":"534_CR18","volume-title":"Insecticide susceptibility status of field populations of sandfly in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt","author":"AR Fahmy","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fahmy AR, Khater EIM, El Sawaf B, Shehata M: Insecticide susceptibility status of field populations of sandfly in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. 1996, WHO\/LEISH\/96.38"},{"key":"534_CR19","unstructured":"Hemingway J: 1998, WHO\/CDS\/MAL\/98.6"},{"key":"534_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","volume":"72","author":"MM Braford","year":"1976","unstructured":"Braford MM: A rapid and sensitive for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976, 72: 248-254. 10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3.","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"534_CR21","first-page":"408","volume":"19","author":"AK Mukhopadhyay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay AK, Kumar K, Rahman SJ: Host preference of phlebotomine sandflies in and around Delhi. J Comm Dis. 1987, 19 (4): 408-411.","journal-title":"J Comm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"534_CR22","first-page":"177","volume":"31","author":"DD Amalraj","year":"1999","unstructured":"Amalraj DD, Sivagnaname N, Srinivasan R: Susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes and P. papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) to insecticides. J Commun Dis. 1999, 31 (3): 177-180.","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"534_CR23","first-page":"23","volume":"17","author":"GE Tetreault","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tetreault GE, Zayed AE, Hanafi HA, Beavers GM, Zeichner BC: Susceptibility of sand flies to selected insecticides in North Africa and the Middle East. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2001, 17 (1): 23-27.","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"534_CR24","first-page":"419","volume":"38","author":"M Morali","year":"2002","unstructured":"Morali M, Cianchi T, Bianchi R, Khoury C: Testing insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Italy. Ann Ist Super Sanit\u00e0. 2002, 38 (4): 419-423.","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanit\u00e0"},{"key":"534_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2003.00420.x","volume":"17","author":"B Alexander","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alexander B, Maroli M: Control of phlebotomine sandflies. Med Vet Entomol. 2003, 17: 1-18. 10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2003.00420.x.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"10","key":"534_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e859","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000859","volume":"4","author":"DS Dinesh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dinesh DS, Das ML, Picado A, Roy L, Rijal S, Singh SP, Das P, Boelaert M, Coosemans M: Insecticide Susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes in Visceral Leishmaniasis Endemic Districts in India and Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010, 4 (10): e859-10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000859.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"534_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-299","volume":"8","author":"H Ranson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ranson H, Abdallah H, Badolo A, Guelbeogo WM, Kerah-Hinzoumbe C, Yangalbe-Kalnone E, Sagnon N, Simard F, Coetzee M: Insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae: data from the first year of a multi-country study highlight the extent of the problem. Malar J. 2009, 8: 299-10.1186\/1475-2875-8-299.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"534_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-40","volume":"3","author":"M Balkew","year":"2010","unstructured":"Balkew M, Ibrahim M, Koekemoer LL, Basil D, Brooke BD, Engers H, Aseffa A, Gebre-Michael T, Elhassen I: Insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) from villages in central, northern and south west Ethiopia and detection of kdr mutation. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 40-10.1186\/1756-3305-3-40.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"534_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-107","volume":"4","author":"RH Hunt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hunt RH, Fuseini G, Knowles S, Stiles-Ocran J, Verster R, Kaiser ML, Choi KS, Koekemoer LL, Coetzee M: Insecticide resistance in malaria vector mosquitoes at four localities in Ghana, West Africa. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 107-10.1186\/1756-3305-4-107.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"534_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-79","volume":"4","author":"B Kamgang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kamgang B, Marcombe S, Chandre F, Nchoutpouen E, Nwane P, Etang J, Corbel V, Paupy C: Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Central Africa. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 79-10.1186\/1756-3305-4-79.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"534_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-122","volume":"3","author":"RH Hunt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hunt RH, Edwardes M, Coetzee M: Pyrethroid resistance in southern African Anopheles funestus extends to Likoma Island in Lake Malawi. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 112-10.1186\/1756-3305-3-112.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"534_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-16","volume":"4","author":"RG Kloke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kloke RG, Nhamahanga E, Hunt RH, Coetzee M: Vectorial status and insecticide resistance of Anopheles funestus from a sugar estate in southern Mozambique. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 16-10.1186\/1756-3305-4-16.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"534_CR33","first-page":"56","volume":"6","author":"AE Jamal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jamal AE, Nugud AD, Abdalmagid MA, Bashir AI, Elnaiem IH: Susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in Khartoum locality (Sudan) to Malathion, Temephos, Lambdacyhalothrin and Permethrin insecticides. Sudanese J Pub Health. 2010, 6 (2): 56-62.","journal-title":"Sudanese J Pub Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"534_CR34","first-page":"153","volume":"88","author":"AA El Gadal","year":"1985","unstructured":"El Gadal AA, Haridi AA, Hassan FT, Hussein H: Malaria control in the Gezira-Managil Irrigated Scheme of the Sudan. J Trop Med Hyg. 1985, 88 (2): 153-159.","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"534_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-3575(91)90213-6","volume":"39","author":"J Hemingway","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hemingway J, Miyamoto J, Herath PRJ: A possible novel link between organophosphorus and DDT insecticide resistance genes in Anopheles: supporting evidence from fenitrothion metabolism studies. Pesticide Biochem Physiol. 1991, 39: 49-56. 10.1016\/0048-3575(91)90213-6.","journal-title":"Pesticide Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"534_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1998.0321","volume":"353","author":"JB Berge","year":"1998","unstructured":"Berge JB, Feyereisen R, Amichot M: Cytochrome p450 monooxygenases and insecticide resistance in insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998, 353: 1701-1705. 10.1098\/rstb.1998.0321.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"534_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81S","DOI":"10.1042\/bst023081s","volume":"23","author":"LA Prapanthadara","year":"1995","unstructured":"Prapanthadara LA, Kuttastep S, Hemingway J, Ketterman AJ: Characterization of the major form of glutathione transferase in the mosquito Anopheles dirus A. Biochem Soc Trans. 1995, 23 (1): 81S-","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"534_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/423136b","volume":"423","author":"M Weill","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weill M, Lutfalla G, Mogensen K, Chandre F, Berthomieu A, Berticat C, Pateur N, Philips A, Fort P, Raymond M: Insecticide resistence in mosquito vectors. Nature (Lond.). 2003, 423: 136-137.","journal-title":"Nature (Lond.)"},{"issue":"4","key":"534_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.4.639","volume":"44","author":"IV Coutinho-Abreu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Coutinho-Abreu IV, Balbino VQ, Valenzuela JG, Sonoda IV, Ramalho-Ortig\u00e3o JM: Structural characterization of acetylcholinesterase 1 from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Med Entomol. 2007, 44 (4): 639-650. 10.1603\/0022-2585(2007)44[639:SCOAFT]2.0.CO;2.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"534_CR40","volume-title":"WHO Tech Rep Ser","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1980","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Resistance of vectors of disease to pesticides.5th report of expert committee on vector biology and control. WHO Tech Rep Ser. 1980, 655 Geneva Switzerland"},{"issue":"8","key":"534_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001000","volume":"6","author":"A Rivero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rivero A, V\u00e9zilier J, Weill M, Read AF, Gandon S: Insecticide Control of Vector-Borne Diseases: When Is Insecticide Resistance a Problem?. A review, PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6 (8): e1001000-10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001000.","journal-title":"A review, PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"534_CR42","volume-title":"Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs)","author":"United Nations Environment Programme","year":"2002","unstructured":"United Nations Environment Programme: Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). 2002, UNEP\/Chemicals\/2002\/9 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"534_CR43","volume-title":"The Use of DDT in Malaria Vector Control. WHO Position Statement","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007","unstructured":"World Health Organization: The Use of DDT in Malaria Vector Control. WHO Position Statement. 2007, WHO\/HTM\/GMP\/2007 Geneva Switzerland"}],"container-title":["Parasites & Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-46.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-46\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-46.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]],"date-time":"2019-07-31T08:24:48Z","timestamp":1564561488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-46","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,7]]},"article-number":"46"}}