{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:23:54Z","timestamp":1793039034404,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Dirofilaria repens<\/jats:italic> are transmitted by bloodsucking culicid mosquitoes belonging to <jats:italic>Culex, Aedes, Ochlerotatus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Mansonia<\/jats:italic> genera.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>The detection of filarioids in mosquitoes for assessing distribution of vectors and\/or of pathogens in a given area (also known as \u201cxenomonitoring\u201d), when based on individual dissection of wild-caught female mosquitoes is time consuming and hardly applicable in large epidemiological surveys.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>Our study aimed to evaluate the recently developed duplex real-time PCR for screening large number of culicids and to assess their positivity for <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic> in an area where both species are endemic.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A duplex real-time PCR was used to detect and differentiate <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic> in mosquitoes collected in six provinces of the Veneto region using 43 carbon dioxide-baited traps under the frame of an entomological surveillance program to monitor the vectors of West Nile disease. From early May till October 2010, unfed female mosquitoes (n\u2009=\u200940,892) were captured in 20 selected sites.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Mosquitoes identified as <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ochlerotatus caspius<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Aedes vexans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Culex modestus<\/jats:italic> were grouped into 995 pools according to species, day and site of collection (from minimum of 1 to maximum of 57). Out of 955 pools, 23 (2.41\u2009%) scored positive for <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic> spp. of which, 21 (2.2\u2009%) for <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> and two (0.21\u2009%) for <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic>. An overall Estimated Rate of Infection (ERI) of 0.06\u2009% was recorded, being higher in <jats:italic>Och. caspius<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ae. vexans<\/jats:italic> (i.e., 0.18\u2009% and 0.14\u2009%, respectively). At least one mosquito pool was positive for <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic> spp. in each province with the highest ERI recorded in Vicenza and Padova provinces (i.e., 0.42% and 0.16\u2009%, respectively). Mosquitoes collected in all provinces were positive for <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> whereas, only two (i.e., Padova and Rovigo) provinces scored positive for <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic>. All mosquito species, except for <jats:italic>Cx. modestus<\/jats:italic>, were positive for <jats:italic>D. immitis,<\/jats:italic> whereas <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic> was only found in <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results suggest that both <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic> species are endemic and may occur in sympatry in the examined area. The molecular approach herein used represents a powerful tool for surveillance programs of <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic> in the culicid vectors towards a better understanding of the epidemiology of the infections they cause and their seasonal transmission patterns.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-76","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,20]],"date-time":"2012-04-20T18:14:20Z","timestamp":1334945660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Molecular xenomonitoring of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from north-eastern Italy by real-time PCR coupled with melting curve analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Maria Stefania","family":"Latrofa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Montarsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ciocchetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Annoscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filipe","family":"Dantas-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ravagnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gioia","family":"Capelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Otranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"660_CR1","first-page":"57","volume":"4","author":"M Coluzzi","year":"1964","unstructured":"Coluzzi M: Osservazioni sperimentali sul comportamento di Dirofilaria repens in diversi gruppi di artropodi vettori. 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