{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:44:43Z","timestamp":1789987483629,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Recent data from Ghana indicates that after seven rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA) there is still sustained transmission albeit at low levels in certain areas where <jats:italic>Anopheles melas<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.s., <jats:italic>Mansonia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> species are the main biting mosquitoes. <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.l. and <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic> are the known vectors in Ghana and a recent report indicated that <jats:italic>An. melas<\/jats:italic> could transmit at low level microfilaraemia. However, because <jats:italic>An. melas<\/jats:italic> is not found everywhere there was the need to determine whether any of the other culicine species could also be playing a role in the transmission of LF.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Indoor mosquitoes collected once a month for three months using pyrethrum spray catches in six communities within the Kommenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abirem (KEEA) District, Central Region of Ghana were morphologically identified, dissected and examined for the presence of <jats:italic>W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, stored mosquito samples collected during previous years in 8 communities from the Gomoa District also in the Central Region were similarly processed. The identities of all <jats:italic>W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic> parasites found were confirmed using an established PCR method.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 825 indoor resting mosquitoes comprising of 501 <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> species, 239 <jats:italic>Mansonia<\/jats:italic> species, 84 <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> species and 1 <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> species were dissected and examined for the presence of <jats:italic>W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Mansonia africana<\/jats:italic> had infection and infectivity rates of 2.5<jats:italic>%<\/jats:italic>. and 2.1% respectively. <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> s.l. had an infection rate of 0.4% and a similar infectivity rate. None of the <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> sp. and <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> sp were found with infection. From the stored mosquitoes the infection and infectivity rates for <jats:italic>M. africana<\/jats:italic> were 7.6% (N\u2009=\u2009144) and 2.8% respectively whilst the corresponding rates for <jats:italic>M. uniformis<\/jats:italic> were 2.9% (N\u2009=\u2009244) and 0.8%.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This is the first report of <jats:italic>Mansonia<\/jats:italic> species as vectors of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Ghana and in West Africa since that of 1958 in Guinea. The revelation of a hitherto unrecognised vector which is possibly more efficient in transmission than the recognised ones has a profound implication for elimination of lymphatic filariasis programmes in the sub-region.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-89","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,7]],"date-time":"2012-05-07T16:36:41Z","timestamp":1336408601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Mansonia africana and Mansonia uniformis are Vectors in the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti lymphatic filariasis in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Josephine","family":"Ughasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilaria Esiawonam","family":"Bekard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maimouna","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphina","family":"Adabie-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gyapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Appawu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael David","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Adjei","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"604_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90414-9","volume":"90","author":"SK Dunyo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dunyo SK, Appawu M, Nkrumah FK, Baffoe-Wilmot A, Pedersen EM, Simonsen PE: Lymphatic filariasis on the coast of Ghana. 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