{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:21:32Z","timestamp":1778052092610,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Filariasis, caused by Brugia malayi<\/jats:italic>, is a public health problem in Thailand. Currently, at least two locations in southern Thailand are reported to be active endemic areas. Two and four Mansonia<\/jats:italic> species are primary and secondary vectors, respectively, of the nocturnally subperiodic race, whereas, Coquillettidia crassipes<\/jats:italic> is a vector of the diurnally subperiodic race. Although several Anopheles<\/jats:italic> species have been incriminated extensively as natural and\/or suspected vectors of B. malayi<\/jats:italic>, little is known about vector competence between indigenous Anopheles<\/jats:italic> and this filaria in Thailand. Thus, the susceptibility levels of eight species members in the Thai An. hyrcanus<\/jats:italic> group to nocturnally subperiodic B. malayi<\/jats:italic> are presented herein, and the two main refractory factors that affect them in different degrees of susceptibility have been elucidated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Aedes togoi<\/jats:italic> (a control vector), An. argyropus<\/jats:italic>, An. crawfordi<\/jats:italic>, An. nigerrimus<\/jats:italic>, An. nitidus<\/jats:italic>, An. paraliae<\/jats:italic>, An. peditaeniatus<\/jats:italic>, An. pursati<\/jats:italic> and An. sinensis<\/jats:italic> were allowed to feed artificially on blood containing B. malayi<\/jats:italic> microfilariae, and dissected 14 days after feeding. To determine factors that take effect at different susceptibility levels, stain-smeared blood meals were taken from the midguts of Ae. togoi<\/jats:italic>, An. peditaeniatus<\/jats:italic>, An. crawfordi<\/jats:italic>, An. paraliae<\/jats:italic>, An. sinensis<\/jats:italic> and An. nitidus<\/jats:italic> immediately after feeding, and their dissected-thoraxes 4 days post blood-feedings were examined consecutively for microfilariae and L1<\/jats:sub> larvae.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The susceptibility rates of Ae. togoi<\/jats:italic>, An. peditaeniatus<\/jats:italic>, An. crawfordi<\/jats:italic>, An. nigerrimus<\/jats:italic>, An. argyropus<\/jats:italic>, An. pursati<\/jats:italic>, An. sinensis<\/jats:italic>, An. paraliae<\/jats:italic> and An. nitidus<\/jats:italic> to B. malayi<\/jats:italic> were 70\u201395%, 70\u2013100%, 80\u201385%, 50\u201365%, 60%, 60%, 10%, 5%, and 0%, respectively. These susceptibility rates related clearly to the degrees of normal larval development in thoracic muscles, i.e., Ae. togoi<\/jats:italic>, An. peditaeniatus<\/jats:italic>, An. crawfordi<\/jats:italic>, An. paraliae<\/jats:italic>, An. sinensis<\/jats:italic> and An. nitidus<\/jats:italic> yielded normal L1<\/jats:sub> larvae of 93.15%, 96.34%, 97.33%, 23.60%, 15.38% and 0%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n An. peditaeniatus<\/jats:italic>, An. crawfordi<\/jats:italic>, An. nigerrimus<\/jats:italic>, An. argyropus<\/jats:italic> and An. pursati<\/jats:italic> were high potential vectors. An. paraliae<\/jats:italic> and An. sinensis<\/jats:italic> were low potential vectors, while An. nitidus<\/jats:italic> was a refractory vector. Two refractory mechanisms; direct toxicity and\/or melanotic encapsulation against filarial larval were involved in the refractoriness of development in the thoracic muscles of the mosquito.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,4]],"date-time":"2013-01-04T15:14:38Z","timestamp":1357312478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Susceptibility of eight species members in the Anopheles hyrcanus group to nocturnally subperiodic Brugia malayi"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Atiporn","family":"Saeung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chayanit","family":"Hempolchom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Visut","family":"Baimai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sorawat","family":"Thongsahuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kritsana","family":"Taai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narissara","family":"Jariyapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Udom","family":"Chaithong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wej","family":"Choochote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"782_CR1","first-page":"377","volume":"86","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report on mass drug administration, 2010. 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