{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:56:37Z","timestamp":1761155797439,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,14]],"date-time":"2014-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":133,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Foot and Ankle Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There currently are no recommended standards for reporting kinematics of the first\u2010metatarsophalangeal joint. This study compared 2 different rotation sequences of Cardan angles, with implications for understanding the measurement of hallux valgus deformity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010one women (19 hallux valgus; 12 controls) participated. All were scanned in an open\u2010upright magnetic resonance scanner, their foot posed to simulate the gait conditions of midstance, heel\u2010off, and terminal stance. Using computer processes, selected tarsals were reconstructed into virtual bone models and embedded with principal\u2010axes coordinate systems, from which the rotation matrix between the hallux and first metatarsal was decomposed into Cardan angles. Joint angles were then compared using a within factors (rotation sequence and gait condition) repeated\u2010measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only the transverse plane\u2010first sequence consistently output incremental increases of dorsiflexion and abduction across gait events in both groups. There was an interaction (F\u2009\u2265\u200925.1; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Follow\u2010up comparisons revealed angles were different (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) at terminal stance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Different rotation sequences yield different results. Extracting the first rotation in the transverse plane allows for the resting alignment of the hallux to deviate from the sagittal plane. Therefore, representing first\u2010metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics with the transverse plane\u2010first rotation sequence may be preferred, especially in cases of hallux valgus deformity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-7-29","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,14]],"date-time":"2014-05-14T19:02:15Z","timestamp":1400094135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cardan angle rotation sequence effects on first\u2010metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics: implications for measuring hallux valgus deformity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ward M","family":"Glasoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Physical Therapy Medical School University of Minnesota Mayo Mail Code 388, 420 Delaware St SE 55455 Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando 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