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We have demonstrated previously that\n                      <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                      disrupts the intestinal barrier function by rapidly inducing epithelial translocation of non-invasive commensal bacteria via a transcellular lipid raft-mediated mechanism ('transcytosis'). To further characterize this mechanism, the aim of this current study was to elucidate whether\n                      <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                      utilizes M cells to facilitate transcytosis of commensal intestinal bacteria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                      induced translocation of non-invasive\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      across confluent Caco-2 epithelial monolayers in the absence of disrupted transepithelial electrical resistance or increased permeability to a 3 kDa dextran probe.\n                      <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected monolayers displayed increased numbers of cells expressing the M cell-specific marker, galectin-9, reduced numbers of enterocytes that stained with the absorptive enterocyte marker,\n                      <jats:italic>Ulex europaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                      agglutinin-1, and reduced activities of enzymes typically associated with absorptive enterocytes (namely alkaline phosphatase, lactase, and sucrase). Furthermore, in\n                      <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected monolayers,\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      were observed to be internalized specifically within epithelial cells displaying M-like cell characteristics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These data indicate that\n                      <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                      may utilize M cells to promote transcytosis of non-invasive bacteria across the intact intestinal epithelial barrier. This mechanism may contribute to the inflammatory immune responses against commensal intestinal bacteria commonly observed in IBD patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-2-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,2]],"date-time":"2010-11-02T03:36:56Z","timestamp":1288669016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Campylobacter jejuni induces transcytosis of commensal bacteria across the intestinal epithelium through M-like cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Lisa D","family":"Kalischuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Leggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G Douglas","family":"Inglis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"40_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20679","volume":"14","author":"J Maul","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maul J, Duchmann R: Can loss of immune tolerance cause IBD?. 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