{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:01:37Z","timestamp":1791298897313,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut Pathog"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a powerful method for the analysis of host-pathogen interactions in small animal models. The commercially available bioluminescent <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> strain Xen32 is commonly used to analyse immune functions in knockout mice and pathomechanisms of listeriosis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To analyse and image listerial dissemination after oral infection we have generated a murinised Xen32 strain (Xen32-mur) which expresses a previously described mouse-adapted internalin A. This strain was used alongside the Xen32 wild type strain and the bioluminescent <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> strains EGDe-lux and murinised EGDe-mur-lux to characterise bacterial dissemination in orally inoculated BALB\/cJ mice. After four days of infection, Xen32 and Xen32-mur infected mice displayed consistently higher rates of bioluminescence compared to EGDe-lux and EGDe-mur-lux infected animals. However, surprisingly both Xen32 strains showed attenuated virulence in orally infected BALB\/c mice that correlated with lower bacterial burden in internal organs at day 5 post infection, smaller losses in body weights and increased survival compared to EGDe-lux or EGDe-mur-lux inoculated animals. The Xen32 strain was made bioluminescent by integration of a <jats:italic>lux<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>kan<\/jats:italic> transposon cassette into the listerial <jats:italic>flaA<\/jats:italic> locus. We show here that this integration results in Xen32 in a <jats:italic>flaA<\/jats:italic> frameshift mutation which makes this strain flagella deficient.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The bioluminescent <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> strain Xen32 is deficient in flagella expression and highly attenuated in orally infected BALB\/c mice. As this listerial strain has been used in many BLI studies of murine listeriosis, it is important that the scientific community is aware of its reduced virulence <jats:italic>in vivo.<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-5-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]],"date-time":"2013-07-15T10:14:21Z","timestamp":1373883261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The bioluminescent Listeria monocytogenes strain Xen32 is defective in flagella expression and highly attenuated in orally infected BALB\/cJ mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Silke","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Schughart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Lengeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"98_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092712","volume":"303","author":"J Hardy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hardy J, Francis KP, DeBoer M, Chu P, Gibbs K, Contag CH: Extracellular replication of Listeria monocytogenes in the murine gall bladder. 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