{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:04:07Z","timestamp":1793045047553,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,11]],"date-time":"2011-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":314,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LAG\u2010G\u201000\u201096\u201090013\u201000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LAG\u2010G\u201000\u201096\u201090013\u201000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000096","name":"National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Micronutrient deficiencies occur commonly in people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Since aflatoxin exposure also results in reduced levels of several micronutrients, HIV and aflatoxin may work synergistically to increase micronutrient deficiencies. However, there has been no report on the association between aflatoxin exposure and micronutrient deficiencies in HIV\u2010infected people. We measured aflatoxin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>albumin (AF\u2010ALB) adduct levels and vitamins A and E concentrations in the plasma of HIV\u2010positive and HIV\u2010negative Ghanaians and examined the association of vitamins A and E with HIV status, aflatoxin levels and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted in which participants completed a demographic survey and gave a 20 mL blood sample for analysis of AF\u2010ALB levels, vitamins A and E concentrations, CD4 counts, HIV viral load and HBV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV\u2010infected participants had significantly higher AF\u2010ALB levels (median for HIV\u2010positive and HIV\u2010negative participants was 0.93 and 0.80 pmol\/mg albumin, respectively; p &lt;0.01) and significantly lower levels of vitamin A (\u201016.94 \u03bcg\/dL; p &lt;0.0001) and vitamin E (\u20100.22 mg\/dL; p &lt;0.001). For the total study group, higher AF\u2010ALB was associated with significantly lower vitamin A (\u20104.83 \u03bcg\/dL for every 0.1 pmol\/mg increase in AF\u2010ALB). HBV\u2010infected people had significantly lower vitamin A (\u20105.66 \u03bcg\/dL; p = 0.01). Vitamins A and E levels were inversely associated with HIV viral load (p = 0.02 for each), and low vitamin E was associated with lower CD4 counts (p = 0.004).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our finding of the significant decrease in vitamin A associated with AF\u2010ALB suggests that aflatoxin exposure significantly compromises the micronutrient status of people who are already facing overwhelming health problems, including HIV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-14-53","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,3]],"date-time":"2011-12-03T03:13:48Z","timestamp":1322882028000},"page":"53-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Aflatoxin levels, plasma vitamins A and E concentrations, and their association with HIV and hepatitis B virus infections in Ghanaians: a cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Francis A","family":"Obuseh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline E","family":"Jolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Kulczycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ehiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Waterbor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee A","family":"Desmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter O","family":"Preko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrika J","family":"Piyathilake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Global Facts and Figures 2009. 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