{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:27:51Z","timestamp":1789547271234,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]],"date-time":"2011-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1324252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":352,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of HIV\/AIDS in Guatemala among the general population is 0.79%, and 94% of transmission is directly related to sexual contact. Studies have been conducted on high\u2010 prevalence HIV\u2010positive populations (men who have sex with men, commercial sex workers and prisoners). Heterosexual transmission has gained importance in the epidemic in Central America. To our knowledge, no study addressing knowledge of mechanisms of HIV transmission and condom use has been done on HIV\u2010positive heterosexual men and women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A closed\u2010ended structured interview that addressed knowledge of mechanisms of HIV transmission and condom use was conducted on 283 heterosexual HIV\u2010positive men (54.8%) and women (45.2%) outpatients who attend the Roosevelt Hospital's Clinic of Infectious Diseases in Guatemala City. Differences between selected characteristics were examined for significance using the Chi\u2010square test. A multiple logistic regression was done to determine socio\u2010demographic variables associated with inconsistent condom use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the interviewed persons, 68.5% were either living with a partner or married, and 94.3% were currently using antiretroviral therapy. Most respondents knew the mechanisms of transmission of HIV. 81.7% and 87.3% reported always using a condom with their regular and casual sexual partner in the past year, respectively. There was no statistically difference in condom use according to the patient's formal education, gender, type of partner (regular or casual)or number of sexual partners. According to the interviewees, 72% of sexual partners in the past year were either HIV negative or of an unknown serostatus. Potentially, these HIV\u2010negative persons are at risk of contracting the virus. Among the main reasons given for not using a condom were: \u201cmy partner did not want to use a condom\u201d; and \u201cthe condom irritates or makes my partner uncomfortable\u201d.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since no socio\u2010demographic or sexual behavior variable was associated with inconsistent condom use, we recommend intensive and regular condom counselling for every heterosexual HIV\u2010positive outpatient who attends the clinic. Further studies should be done to determine condom use negotiation between partners; and to determine social, interpersonal and psychological factors that might affect the decision to use a condom or not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-14-58","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,20]],"date-time":"2011-12-20T07:31:04Z","timestamp":1324366264000},"page":"58-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Knowledge of HIV transmission and condom use among HIV\u2010positive heterosexual men and women in Guatemala"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Juan J","family":"Delgado Hurtado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Cazali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS:Report UNGASS Guatemala 2010Guatemala;2010[http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/dataanalysis\/monitoringcountryprogress\/2010progressreportssubmittedbycountries\/guatemala_2010_country_progress_report_en.pdf]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica INE:Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida ENCOVI\u20102006[http:\/\/www.ine.gob.gt\/np\/encovi\/ENCOVI2006\/Resultados_Nacionales.pdf]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"USAID:HIV\/AIDS profile2009[http:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/locations\/latin_america_caribbean\/country\/guatemala\/]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"UNDP:Guatemala. Country profile of human development indicators2010[http:\/\/hdrstats.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/GTM.html]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Programa Global de VIH\/SIDA:Reduciendo la vulnerabilidad al VIH\/SIDA en Centroam\u00e9rica Guatemala: Situaci\u00f3n del VIH\/SIDArespuesta a la epidemia Banco Mundial;2006[http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/INTHIVAIDS\/Resources\/375798\u20101103037153392\/CAHIVAIDSGuatemalaFINALSPA.pdf]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Estudio TRaC de VIH\/SIDA entre trabajadoras sexuales femeninas en Ciudad de Guatemala Escuintla Izabal Quetzaltenango y Suchitepequez. Segunda Ronda. Divisi\u00f3n de investigaci\u00f3n de PSI 2008 [http:\/\/www.pasca.org\/sites\/default\/files\/07_gt_trac_tsf.pdf]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Estudio TRaC de VIH\/SIDA Hombres que tienen sexo con otros Hombres en Guatemala Quetzaltenango Escuintla Suchitep\u00e9quez e Izabal. Segunda Ronda. Divisi\u00f3n de investigaci\u00f3n de PSI 2009 [http:\/\/www.pasca.org\/sites\/default\/files\/GUA_TRaC_2009_HSH_final_6sept.pdf]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157016210790442696"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.015396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971919976"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200102160-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200201250-00002"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1186\/1758-2652-14-58","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T12:00:50Z","timestamp":1696161650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1186\/1758-2652-14-58"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1186\/1758-2652-14-58"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1758-2652-14-58","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-2652","1758-2652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-2652","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-2652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-06-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-12-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-12-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}