{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:14:41Z","timestamp":1765887281931},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,11]],"date-time":"2011-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005892","name":"Human Rights Watch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although HIV and tuberculosis (TB) prevalence are high in prisons throughout sub\u2010Saharan Africa, little research has been conducted on factors related to prevention, testing and treatment services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To better understand the relationship between prison conditions, the criminal justice system, and HIV and TB in Zambian prisons, we conducted a mixed\u2010method study, including: facility assessments and in\u2010depth interviews with 246 prisoners and 30 prison officers at six Zambian prisons; a review of Zambian legislation and policy governing prisons and the criminal justice system; and 46 key informant interviews with government and non\u2010governmental organization officials and representatives of international agencies and donors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The facility assessments, in\u2010depth interviews and key informant interviews found serious barriers to HIV and TB prevention and treatment, and extended pre\u2010trial detention that contributed to overcrowded conditions. Disparities both between prisons and among different categories of prisoners within prisons were noted, with juveniles, women, pre\u2010trial detainees and immigration detainees significantly less likely to access health services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current conditions and the lack of available medical care in Zambia's prisons violate human rights protections and threaten prisoners' health. In order to protect the health of prisoners, prison\u2010based health services, linkages to community\u2010based health care, general prison conditions and failures of the criminal justice system that exacerbate overcrowding must be immediately improved. International donors should work with the Zambian government to support prison and justice system reform and ensure that their provision of funding in such areas as health services respect human rights standards, including non\u2010discrimination. Human rights protections against torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and criminal justice system rights, are essential to curbing the spread of HIV and TB in Zambian prisons, and to achieving broader goals to reduce HIV and TB in Zambia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-14-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,11]],"date-time":"2011-02-11T21:21:30Z","timestamp":1297459290000},"page":"8-8","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Imprisoned and imperiled: access to HIV and TB prevention and treatment, and denial of human rights, in Zambian prisons"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Katherine W","family":"Todrys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph J","family":"Amon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Malembeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Clayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC):HIV and Prisons in sub\u2010Saharan Africa: Opportunity for action2008[http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/frontpage\/hiv\u2010and\u2010prisons\u2010in\u2010sub\u2010saharan\u2010africa.html]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v83i1.9357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92952-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Penal Reform International:Health in African Prisons: Workshop Kampala Uganda1999[http:\/\/www.penalreform.org\/resources\/rep\u20101999\u2010health\u2010african\u2010prisons\u2010en.pdf]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"CharalambousS:TB\u2010HIV in prisons and the community response: the case of South Africa. 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