{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T05:11:27Z","timestamp":1696223487927},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,3]],"date-time":"2005-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1115078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":91,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>There have been few longitudinal studies of cytokine production in neonatally acquired HIV\u20101 infection and none in Asian or Chinese children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether monitoring cytokine production could contribute to the better management of pediatric patients with HIV\u20101 infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical Immunology Laboratory and Pediatrics Department, University Hospital, Hong Kong.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten Asian and 2 Eurasian children infected with HIV\u20101 by mother\u2010to\u2010child transmission were followed for up to 5 years while on treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Numbers of unstimulated and mitogen\u2010activated cytokine\u2010secreting cells (IFN\u2010gamma, interleukin [IL]\u20102, IL\u20104, IL\u20106, IL\u201010, IL\u201012, and TNF\u2010alpha) were measured by ELISPOT assay at frequent intervals, and correlations were sought with CD4+ and CD8+ cell counts and viral loads.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mitogen\u2010stimulated IL\u20102\u2010secreting cells were directly associated with recovery of CD4+ cells. Correlations with viral load were found for Con A\u2010induced IFN\u2010gamma, Con A\u2010induced IL\u20104, and unstimulated IL\u201010, suggesting that these cytokines were either suppressed by high virus levels or that higher cytokine levels suppressed virus. IFN\u2010gamma, IL\u20102\u2010, IL\u20104\u2010, and IL\u201012\u2010secreting cells induced by PHA, Con A, and\/or SAC tended to increase for the first 3\u20104 years of treatment but declined thereafter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alterations in cytokine profiles were not associated with adverse clinical events and there was little evidence to indicate that monitoring cytokine enzyme\u2010linked immunospots (ELISPOTs) could contribute to pediatric patient management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-7-2-71","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,7]],"date-time":"2009-10-07T18:15:50Z","timestamp":1254939350000},"page":"71-71","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cytokine Profiles in Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2010Infected Children Treated With Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Brian M","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan SS","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilfred HS","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilina WL","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010lung","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13802-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200301030-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-7646(02)00118-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200306010-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-5428(95)00012-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.7.2336"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.8.2553","article-title":"Thymic microenvironment induces HIV expression: physiological secretion of IL\u20106 by thymic epithelial cells up\u2010regulated virus infection in chronically infected cells","volume":"147","author":"Schnittman SM","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.1.57","article-title":"B\u2010cell activation during HIV\u20101 infection. 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