{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:52:16Z","timestamp":1790149936881,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Epigenet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Prenatal alcohol exposure is known to result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, a continuum of physiological, behavioural, and cognitive phenotypes that include increased risk for anxiety and learning-associated disorders. Prenatal alcohol exposure results in life-long disorders that may manifest in part through the induction of long-term gene expression changes, potentially maintained through epigenetic mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Here we report a decrease in the expression of <jats:italic>Canabinoid receptor 1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Cnr1<\/jats:italic>) and an increase in the expression of the regulatory microRNA <jats:italic>miR-26b<\/jats:italic> in the brains of adult mice exposed to ethanol during neurodevelopment. Furthermore, we show that <jats:italic>miR-26b<\/jats:italic> has significant complementarity to the 3\u2019-UTR of the <jats:italic>Cnr1<\/jats:italic> transcript, giving it the potential to bind and reduce the level of <jats:italic>Cnr1<\/jats:italic> expression.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These findings elucidate a mechanism through which some genes show long-term altered expression following prenatal alcohol exposure, leading to persistent alterations to cognitive function and behavioural phenotypes observed in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1868-7083-5-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T08:14:48Z","timestamp":1375431288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Reduced expression of brain cannabinoid receptor 1 (Cnr1) is coupled with an increased complementary micro-RNA (miR-26b) in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Randa L","family":"Stringer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin I","family":"Laufer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan L","family":"Kleiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiva M","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"46_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040302","volume":"172","author":"AE Chudley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chudley AE, Conry J, Cook JL, Loock C, Rosales T, LeBlanc N: Public Health Agency of Canada's National Advisory Committee on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis. CMAJ. 2005, 172 (5 Suppl): S1-S21.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"46_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.68","volume":"15","author":"PA May","year":"2009","unstructured":"May PA, Gossage JP, Kalberg WO, Robinson LK, Buckley D, Manning M, Hoyme HE: Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of FASD from various research methods with an emphasis on recent in-school studies. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009, 15 (3): 176-192. 10.1002\/ddrr.68.","journal-title":"Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"46_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054705283880","volume":"9","author":"V Bhatara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bhatara V, Loudenberg R, Ellis R: Association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and gestational alcohol exposure: an exploratory study. J Atten Disord. 2006, 9 (3): 515-522. 10.1177\/1087054705283880.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"46_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1418.016","volume":"1144","author":"KG Hellemans","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hellemans KG, Verma P, Yoon E, Yu W, Weinberg J: Prenatal alcohol exposure increases vulnerability to stress and anxiety-like disorders in adulthood. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008, 1144: 154-175. 10.1196\/annals.1418.016.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"46_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-5-6","volume":"5","author":"ML Kleiber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kleiber ML, Mantha K, Stringer RL, Singh SM: Neurodevelopmental alcohol exposure elicits long-term changes to gene expression that alter distinct molecular pathways dependent on timing of exposure. J Neurodev Disord. 2013, 5 (1): 6-10.1186\/1866-1955-5-6.","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"46_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.010975","volume":"6","author":"BI Laufer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laufer BI, Mantha K, Kleiber ML, Diehl EJ, Addison SM, Singh SM: Long lasting alterations to DNA methylation and ncRNAs may underlie the effects of fetal alcohol exposure in mice. Dis Model Mech. 2013, 6 (4): 977-992. 10.1242\/dmm.010975.","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"issue":"3","key":"46_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den439","volume":"24","author":"LL Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang LL, Zhang Z, Li Q, Yang R, Pei X, Xu Y, Wang J, Zhou SF, Li Y: Ethanol exposure induces differential microRNA and target gene expression and teratogenic effects which can be suppressed by folic acid supplementation. Hum Reprod. 2009, 24 (3): 562-579.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"46_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs068","volume":"127","author":"AR Soares","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soares AR, Pereira PM, Ferreira V, Reverendo M, Simoes J, Bezerra AR, Moura GR, Santos MA: Ethanol exposure induces upregulation of specific microRNAs in zebrafish embryos. Toxicol Sci. 2012, 127 (1): 18-28. 10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs068.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"46_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.905","volume":"43","author":"S Mukherji","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mukherji S, Ebert MS, Zheng GX, Tsang JS, Sharp PA, van Oudenaarden A: MicroRNAs can generate thresholds in target gene expression. Nat Genet. 2011, 43 (9): 854-859. 10.1038\/ng.905.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"46_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803272","volume":"30","author":"RG Pertwee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pertwee RG: The pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: an overview. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006, 30 (Suppl 1): S13-S18.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"7","key":"46_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.014","volume":"61","author":"L Adermark","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adermark L, Jonsson S, Ericson M, Soderpalm B: Intermittent ethanol consumption depresses endocannabinoid-signaling in the dorsolateral striatum of rat. Neuropharmacology. 2011, 61 (7): 1160-1165. 10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.014.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"1407","key":"46_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0787","volume":"356","author":"MR Elphick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Elphick MR, Egertova M: The neurobiology and evolution of cannabinoid signalling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2001, 356 (1407): 381-408. 10.1098\/rstb.2000.0787.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"46_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.08.049","volume":"204","author":"S Dubreucq","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dubreucq S, Kambire S, Conforzi M, Metna-Laurent M, Cannich A, Soria-Gomez E, Richard E, Marsicano G, Chaouloff F: Cannabinoid type 1 receptors located on single-minded 1-expressing neurons control emotional behaviors. Neuroscience. 2012, 204: 230-244.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5455","key":"46_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5455.1056","volume":"287","author":"C Ikonomidou","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ikonomidou C, Bittigau P, Ishimaru MJ, Wozniak DF, Koch C, Genz K, Price MT, Stefovska V, Horster F, Tenkova T, Dikranian K, Olney JW: Ethanol-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration and fetal alcohol syndrome. Science. 2000, 287 (5455): 1056-1060. 10.1126\/science.287.5455.1056.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"46_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.08.006","volume":"17","author":"DF Wozniak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wozniak DF, Hartman RE, Boyle MP, Vogt SK, Brooks AR, Tenkova T, Young C, Olney JW, Muglia LJ: Apoptotic neurodegeneration induced by ethanol in neonatal mice is associated with profound learning\/memory deficits in juveniles followed by progressive functional recovery in adults. Neurobiol Dis. 2004, 17 (3): 403-414. 10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.08.006.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"46_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.082701.108","volume":"19","author":"RC Friedman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB, Bartel DP: Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome Res. 2009, 19 (1): 92-105.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"46_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3455","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24222","volume":"113","author":"N Sowa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sowa N, Horie T, Kuwabara Y, Baba O, Watanabe S, Nishi H, Kinoshita M, Takanabe-Mori R, Wada H, Shimatsu A, Hasegawa K, Kimura T, Ono K: MicroRNA 26b encoded by the intron of small CTD phosphatase (SCP) 1 has an antagonistic effect on its host gene. J Cell Biochem. 2012, 113 (11): 3455-3465. 10.1002\/jcb.24222.","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"46_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.177774.111","volume":"26","author":"H Dill","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dill H, Linder B, Fehr A, Fischer U: Intronic miR-26b controls neuronal differentiation by repressing its host transcript, ctdsp2. Genes Dev. 2012, 26 (1): 25-30. 10.1101\/gad.177774.111.","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"issue":"12","key":"46_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28656","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028656","volume":"6","author":"V Caputo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Caputo V, Sinibaldi L, Fiorentino A, Parisi C, Catalanotto C, Pasini A, Cogoni C, Pizzuti A: Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression is regulated by microRNAs miR-26a and miR-26b allele-specific binding. PLoS One. 2011, 6 (12): e28656-10.1371\/journal.pone.0028656.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"46_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2011.01687.x","volume":"124","author":"CH Ashton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ashton CH, Moore PB: Endocannabinoid system dysfunction in mood and related disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011, 124 (4): 250-261. 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2011.01687.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"46_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4236\/jbbs.2013.31009","volume":"3","author":"K Mantha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mantha K, Kleiber M, Singh S: Neurodevelopmental timing of ethanol exposure may contribute to observed heterogeneity of behavioral deficits in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). J Behav Brain Sci. 2013, 3: 85-99. 10.4236\/jbbs.2013.31009.","journal-title":"J Behav Brain Sci"}],"container-title":["Clinical Epigenetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1868-7083-5-14.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T01:09:35Z","timestamp":1630544975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/clinicalepigeneticsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1868-7083-5-14"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1868-7083-5-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-7075","1868-7083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-7075","type":"print"},{"value":"1868-7083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"14"}}