{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:30:54Z","timestamp":1788348654828,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ophthal Inflamm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> retinochoroiditis can have an atypical presentation and be difficult to diagnose in immunocompromised patients. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment is important since the disease can be aggressive in these patients. This paper is a case report with literature review, emphasizing on the diagnosis and treatment of <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> retinochoroiditis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A 27-year-old male with chronic myelogenous leukemia with history of bone marrow transplantation presented with floaters in his right eye. Fundus exam showed bilateral, multifocal retinochoroiditis with subsequent development of a mild vitritis. Serum cytomegalovirus and toxoplasmosis antibody titers and syphilis screen were negative. Aqueous polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed the presence of <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> DNA OU. Clindamycin (1.0 mg\/0.1 mL) was injected bilateral intravitreal OU twice at 4 days apart with subsequent resolution of retinochoroiditis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>When evaluating retinochoroiditis in an immunocompromised patient, one must keep a high index of suspicion for atypical presentations of well-known disease entities. Aqueous and vitreous samples for PCR can be useful in obtaining an accurate diagnosis and therefore provide appropriate management for the patient. Intravitreal clindamycin is an option for treatment in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1869-5760-3-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]],"date-time":"2013-01-28T09:14:07Z","timestamp":1359364447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A typical bilateral Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis in a bone marrow transplant patient with negative serum titers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Albert","family":"Hazan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh M","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Levinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umar","family":"Mian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C","family":"Gritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"14_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(13)31267-6","volume":"101","author":"BS Elkins","year":"1994","unstructured":"Elkins BS, Holland GN, Opremcak EM, Dunn JP Jr, Jabs DA, Johnston WH, Green WR: Ocular toxoplasmosis misdiagnosed as cytomegalovirus retinopathy in immunocompromised patients. Ophthalmology 1994,101(3):499\u2013507.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"14_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S20033","volume":"5","author":"B Diniz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Diniz B, Regatieri C, Andrade R, Maia A: Evaluation of spectral domain and time domain optical coherence tomography findings in toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Clin Ophthalmol 2011, 5: 645\u2013650.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"14_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.04.020","volume":"118","author":"M Soheilian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Soheilian M, Ramezani A, Azimzadeh A, Sadoughi MM, Dehghan MH, Shahghadami R, Yaseri M, Peyman GA: Randomized trial of intravitreal clindamycin and dexamethasone versus pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and prednisolone in treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 2011,118(1):134\u2013141. 10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.04.020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"9","key":"14_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.01.028","volume":"117","author":"AF Lasave","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lasave AF, D\u00edaz-Llopis M, Muccioli C, Belfort R Jr, Arevalo JF: Intravitreal clindamycin and dexamethasone for zone 1 toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis at twenty-four months. Ophthalmology 2010,117(9):1831\u20131838. 10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.01.028","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"14_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.608915","volume":"19","author":"A De-la-Torre","year":"2011","unstructured":"De-la-Torre A, Stanford M, Curi A, Jaffe GJ, Gomez-Marin JE: Therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2011,19(5):314\u2013320. 10.3109\/09273948.2011.608915","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"5","key":"14_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(83)90378-1","volume":"95","author":"V Lakhanpal","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lakhanpal V, Schocket SS, Nirankari VS: Clindamycin in the treatment of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol 1983,95(5):605\u2013613.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"14_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a709","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S10949","volume":"4","author":"P Choopong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Choopong P, Tesavibul N, Rodanant N: Crystallization after intravitreal ganciclovir injection. Clin Ophthalmol 2010, 4: a709-a711.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"14_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31804b3f0d","volume":"27","author":"L Sobrin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sobrin L, Kump LI, Foster CS: Intravitreal clindamycin for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Retina 2007,27(7):952\u2013957. 10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31804b3f0d","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"11","key":"14_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.05.025","volume":"112","author":"MM Sadoughi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sadoughi MM, Soheilian M, Ghajarnia M, Dehghan MH, Yazdani S, Behboudi H, Anisian A, Peyman GA: Prospective randomized trial of trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole versus pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 2005,112(11):1876\u20131882. 10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.05.025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1869-5760-3-23.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T22:11:20Z","timestamp":1630534280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/joii-journal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1869-5760-3-23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1869-5760-3-23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-5760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-5760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 September 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"23"}}