{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T11:37:33Z","timestamp":1699097853234},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ophthal Inflamm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Neonatal conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum (ON) is an acute bacterial conjunctivitis contracted by newborns during delivery. In non-industrialized countries, detection of the etiological agent is difficult due to the unavailability of modern diagnostic resources. Therefore, we analyzed the effectiveness of Gram and methylene blue staining techniques, which are simple microbiological methods in suspecting the aetiology of ON in a maternity ward in Luanda, Angola.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Neonatal conjunctival smears (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200995), maternal data, and perinatal factors were collected. Slides were air-dried and sent to the Microbiology Department of the Hospital Clinico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain, where trained personnel performed Gram and methylene blue staining methods. Findings were interpreted by two expert microbiologists. Ophthalmological examination of all children showed five newborns with clinical signs of ON. Fourteen mothers reported were suspected with vulvo-vaginitis, and 27 had a urinary infection during pregnancy. Gram staining revealed the presence of epithelial cells in 87.6% and leukocytes in 15% of the conjunctival smears. These values were significantly higher than those shown by methylene blue staining. No rods, cocci, or yeasts were identified by either staining method. <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> DNA was also undetected in a small sub-sample with clinical suspicion of ON. There was no correlation among the presence of ON, ON microbes, maternal data, or perinatal factors.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Basic microbiological techniques did not provide enough information for screening cases of ON in Angola. Therefore, the use of molecular biology or other techniques is warranted for this purpose.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1869-5760-4-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,25]],"date-time":"2014-01-25T16:01:53Z","timestamp":1390665713000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The value of simple microbiological studies for on-site screening of acute neonatal conjunctivitis in Angola"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Alexandre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nestor","family":"Cortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar","family":"Justel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Itziar","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Ort\u00edz de Lejarazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J Carlos","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"67_CR1","first-page":"262","volume":"79","author":"UC Schaller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schaller UC, Klauss V: Is Cred\u00e9's prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum still valid? Bull World Health Organ 2001, 79: 262\u2013263.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"67_CR2","first-page":"595","volume":"20","author":"SS Gul","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gul SS, Jamal M, Khan N: Ophthalmia neonatorum. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2010, 20: 595\u2013598.","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"67_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Recommendations for the prevention of neonatal ophthalmia Paediatr Child Health 2002, 7: 480\u2013488.","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/7.7.480"},{"key":"67_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1971.02100120037001","volume":"121","author":"GB Forbes","year":"1971","unstructured":"Forbes GB, Forbes GM: Silver nitrate and the eye of the newborn. Cred\u00e9's contribution to preventive medicine. Am J Dis Child 1971, 121: 1\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"67_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmm049","volume":"53","author":"Z Ali","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ali Z, Khadije D, Elahe A, Mohammad M, Fateme Z, Narges Z: Prophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum comparison of betadine, erythromycin and no prophylaxis. J Trop Pediatr 2007, 53: 388\u2013392.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"67_CR6","volume-title":"ARVO 2009 Annual Meeting","author":"JC Pastor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pastor JC, Alexandre I: Development of a national prophylactic program against neonatal conjunctivitis in Angola: pilot study. In ARVO 2009 Annual Meeting. Fort Lauderdale; 2009. 3\u20137 May 2009"},{"key":"67_CR7","volume-title":"A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team. R","year":"2012","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria; 2012. URL . ISBN 3\u2013900051\u201307\u20130 Accessed 2 July 2013 http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"67_CR8","first-page":"2","volume-title":"VCD: visualizing categorical data","author":"D Meyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meyer D, Zeileis A, Hornik K: VCD: visualizing categorical data. R Package Version 1; 2012:2\u201313. Accessed 2 July 2013 http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/vcd\/vcd.pdf"},{"key":"67_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-26","volume":"13","author":"HM Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu HM, Cordeiro SM, Harcourt BH, et al.: Accuracy of real-time PCR, Gram stain and culture for Streptococcus pneumoniae , Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis diagnosis. BMC Infect Dis 2013, 13: 26. doi:10.1186\/1471\u20132334\u201313\u201326","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"67_CR10","first-page":"171","volume":"15","author":"S Rafiei Tabatabaei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rafiei Tabatabaei S, Afjeiee SA, Fallah F, Tahami Zanjani N, Shiva F, Tavakkoly Fard A, Shamshiri AR, Karimi A: The use of polymerase chain reaction assay versus cell culture in detecting neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis. Arch Iran Med 2012, 15: 171\u2013175.","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"67_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.45243","volume":"75","author":"AH El-Gamal","year":"2009","unstructured":"El-Gamal AH, Al-Otaibi SR, Alshamali A, Abdulrazzaq A, Najem N, Fouzan AA: Polymerase chain reaction is no better than Gram stain for diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2009, 75: 101.","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"67_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70168-0","volume":"25","author":"J Abbott","year":"1995","unstructured":"Abbott J: Clinical and microscopic diagnosis of vaginal yeast infection: a prospective analysis. Ann Emerg Med 1995, 25: 587\u2013591.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"67_CR13","first-page":"242","volume-title":"Manual of clinical microbiology, vol 1","author":"EJ Baron","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baron EJ, Thomson RB Jr: Specimen collection, transport and processing: bacteriology. In Manual of clinical microbiology, vol 1. 10th edition. Edited by: Versalovic J, Carroll KC, Jorgensen JH, Funke G, Landry ML, Warnock DW. Washington DC: ASM; 2011:242.","edition":"10"},{"key":"67_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1996.0280","volume":"64","author":"M Hingorani","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hingorani M, Metz D, Lightman SL: Characterisation of the normal conjunctival leukocyte population. Exp Eye Res 1997, 64: 905\u2013912.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"67_CR15","first-page":"653","volume":"8","author":"L Batellier","year":"1985","unstructured":"Batellier L, Liotet S: Comparative cytological study of conjunctival secretions and smears. J Fr Ophtalmol 1985, 8: 653\u2013657.","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"67_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83479-1","volume":"122","author":"A Weiss","year":"1993","unstructured":"Weiss A, Brinser JH, Nazar-Stewart V: Acute conjunctivitis in childhood. J Pediatr 1993, 122: 10\u201314.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"67_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73960-1_9","volume":"609","author":"N MacDonald","year":"2008","unstructured":"MacDonald N, Mailman T, Desai S: Gonococcal infections in newborns and in adolescents. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008, 609: 108\u2013130.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"67_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503023320911","volume":"332","author":"A Foster","year":"1995","unstructured":"Foster A, Klauss V: Ophthalmia neonatorum in developing countries. N Engl J Med 1995, 332: 600\u2013601.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"67_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19960501-13","volume":"33","author":"SJ Isenberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Wood M: The influence of perinatal infective factors on ophthalmia neonatorum. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1996, 33: 185\u2013188.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"67_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90544-1","volume":"328","author":"M Laga","year":"1986","unstructured":"Laga M, Nzanze H, Brunham RC, Ndinya-Achola JO, Maitha G, Ronald AR, D'Costa LJ, Bhullar VB, et al.: Epidemiology of ophthalmia neonatorum in Kenya. Lancet 1986, 328: 114\u2013119.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"67_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2011.10.006","volume":"35","author":"KD Ayena","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ayena KD, Amedome KM, Diallo JW, Dzidzinyo KB, Azoumah KD, Aboubakari AS, Salou M, Koffi SK, Tchassi N, Balo KP: What remains today of neonatal conjunctivitis in prefecture of Kozah in Togo? J Fr Ophtalmol 2012, 35: 432\u2013436.","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"67_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.81584","volume":"54","author":"M Wadhwani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wadhwani M, D\u2019souza P, Jain R, Dutta R, Saili A, Singh A: Conjunctivitis in the newborn - a comparative study. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2011, 54: 254\u2013257.","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1869-5760-4-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T02:49:24Z","timestamp":1630550964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/joii-journal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1869-5760-4-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,25]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["67"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1869-5760-4-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-5760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-5760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"1"}}