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Current staging methods, based on the counting of white blood cells (WBC) and the detection of parasites in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have limited accuracy. We hypothesized that immune mediators reliable for staging <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic> HAT could also be used to stratify <jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> patients, the less common form of HAT.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A population comprising 85 <jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> patients, 14 stage 1 (S1) and 71 stage 2 (S2) enrolled in Malawi and Uganda, was investigated. The CSF levels of IgM, MMP\u20109, CXCL13, CXCL10, ICAM\u20101, VCAM\u20101, neopterin and B2MG were measured and their staging performances evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses.<\/jats:p><jats:p>IgM, MMP\u20109 and CXCL13 were the most accurate markers for stage determination (partial AUC 88%, 86% and 85%, respectively). The combination in panels of three molecules comprising CXCL13\u2010CXCL10\u2010MMP\u20109 or CXCL13\u2010CXCL10\u2010IgM significantly increased their staging ability to partial AUC 94% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> value &lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p><jats:p>The present study highlighted new potential markers for stage determination of <jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> patients. Further investigations are needed to better evaluate these molecules, alone or in panels, as alternatives to WBC to make reliable choice of treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/2001-1326-2-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,7]],"date-time":"2013-01-07T11:14:33Z","timestamp":1357557273000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["New biomarkers for stage determination in <i>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense<\/i> sleeping sickness patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Tiberti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Protein Sciences University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enock","family":"Matovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostics Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity Makerere University Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Hainard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Protein Sciences University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Charles","family":"Enyaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry College of Natural Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Lejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Robin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Protein Sciences University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Turck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Protein Sciences University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieudonn\u00e9 Mumba","family":"Ngoyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale Kinshasa D. 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