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The experiments presented here aimed to determine whether an individual's sex and behavioral phenotype interact to affect motivation to take cocaine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined motivation for taking cocaine in two experiments using a range of doses on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of responding in bHR or bLR males and females. Additionally, we included a measure of continuing to respond in the absence of reinforcement, a feature of addiction that has been recently incorporated into tests of animal models on the basis of the criteria for substance use disorder in the<jats:italic>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition<\/jats:italic>. Statistical analyses were performed using PASW Statistics 18.0 software. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance followed by a Bonferroni correction<jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic>test when applicable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found sex differences as well as effects of novelty reactivity on the motivation to self-administer cocaine. Specifically, females demonstrated higher breaking points on the PR schedule compared with males, regardless of phenotype, and bHR males and females exhibited higher motivation than bLR animals at a number of the doses studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>An individual's sex continues to be a predisposing factor with respect to drug abuse liability and can be compounded by additional individual differences such as reactivity to novelty.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-6410-2-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,15]],"date-time":"2011-03-15T19:16:24Z","timestamp":1300216584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Effects of a selectively bred novelty-seeking phenotype on the motivation to take cocaine in male and female rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Jennifer A","family":"Cummings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke A","family":"Gowl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christel","family":"Westenbroek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M","family":"Clinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda","family":"Akil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill B","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"11_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.03.007","volume":"28","author":"S Dawe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dawe S, Loxton NJ: The role of impulsivity in the development of substance use and eating disorders. 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