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Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate muscle defects in mouse models of SMA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We have taken advantage of two different mouse models of SMA, the severe\n                      <jats:italic>Smn<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>-\/-<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic>SMN2<\/jats:italic>\n                      mice and the less severe\n                      <jats:italic>Smn<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>2B\/-<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice. We have measured the maximal force produced from control muscles and those of SMA model mice by direct stimulation using an\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      apparatus. Immunofluorescence and immunoblot experiments were performed to uncover muscle defects in mouse models of SMA. Means from control and SMA model mice samples were compared using an analysis of variance test and Student\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We report that tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of phenotype stage\n                      <jats:italic>Smn<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>-\/-<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic>SMN2<\/jats:italic>\n                      mice generate 39% less maximal force than muscles from control mice, independently of aberrant motor neuron signal transmission. In addition, during muscle fatigue, the\n                      <jats:italic>Smn<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>-\/-<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic>SMN2<\/jats:italic>\n                      muscle shows early onset and increased unstimulated force compared with controls. Moreover, we demonstrate a significant decrease in force production in muscles from pre-symptomatic\n                      <jats:italic>Smn<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>-\/-<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic>SMN2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Smn<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>2B\/-<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice, indicating that muscle weakness is an early event occurring prior to any overt motor neuron loss and muscle denervation. Muscle weakness in mouse models of SMA was associated with a delay in the transition from neonatal to adult isoforms of proteins important for proper muscle contractions, such as ryanodine receptors and sodium channels. Immunoblot analyses of extracts from hindlimb skeletal muscle revealed aberrant levels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ATPase.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings from this study reveal a delay in the appearance of mature isoforms of proteins important for muscle contractions, as well as muscle weakness early in the disease etiology, thus highlighting the contributions of skeletal muscle defects to the SMA phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-3-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]],"date-time":"2013-10-11T12:04:06Z","timestamp":1381493046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Early onset muscle weakness and disruption of muscle proteins in mouse models of spinal muscular atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Justin G","family":"Boyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyndsay M","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"De Repentigny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Renaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Kothary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"86_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33474","volume":"152A","author":"TW Prior","year":"2010","unstructured":"Prior TW, Snyder PJ, Rink BD, Pearl DK, Pyatt RE, Mihal DC, Conlan T, Schmalz B, Montgomery L, Ziegler K, Noonan C, Hashimoto S, Garner S: Newborn and carrier screening for spinal muscular atrophy. 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