{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:01:25Z","timestamp":1787731285620,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Trachoma is widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa and is mainly associated with poor water accessibility. However, these associations have never been demonstrated in some of the communities, especially in northern Tanzania. To cover that gap, the present case control study was conducted to assess the association of water related factors, general hygiene and active trachoma among preschool and school age children in Hai district, northern Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Families reported to use &gt; 60 litres of water per day were less likely to have active disease (OR= 0.4, 95% CI: 0.1 - 0.3; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001) compared to households collecting \u2264 60 litres. The risk of having trachoma increased with increase in distance to the water point (OR= 6.5, 95% CI; 1.8 - 16.7; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.003). Households members who reported to use &lt; 2 liters of water for face washing were more likely to be trachomatous (OR= 5.12, 95% CI: 1.87-14.6, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001). Increased number of preschool children in the household was also associated with increased risk of active trachoma by 2.46 folds.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Improving water supply near the households and providing public health education focusing on improving households socio-economic status and individual hygiene especially in pre-school children in part will help to reduce the prevalence of the disease. In addition, integrating public health education with other interventions such as medical interventions remains important.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-1-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T11:14:24Z","timestamp":1351768464000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Association between water related factors and active trachoma in Hai district, Northern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Michael J","family":"Mahande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humphrey D","family":"Mazigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliningaya J","family":"Kweka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"10_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.148494","volume":"93","author":"SP Mariotti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mariotti SP, Pascolini D, Rose-Nussbaumer J: Trachoma: global magnitude of a preventable cause of blindness. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009, 93: 563-568. 10.1136\/bjo.2008.148494.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10_CR2","volume-title":"Field Methods For the Control of Trachoma","author":"WHO","year":"1973","unstructured":"WHO: Field Methods For the Control of Trachoma. 1973, Geneva: World Health Organization, 68","edition":"68"},{"key":"10_CR3","first-page":"71","volume":"67","author":"S West","year":"1989","unstructured":"West S, Lynch M, Turner V, Munoz B, Rapoza P, Mmbaga BB, Taylor HR: Water availability and trachoma. Bull World Health Organ. 1989, 67: 71-75.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13914-1","volume":"362","author":"DC Mabey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mabey DC, Solomon AW, Foster A: Trachoma. Lancet. 2003, 362: 223-229. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13914-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90470-J","volume":"85","author":"R Bailey","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bailey R, Downes B, Downes R, Mabey D: Trachoma and water use; a case control study in a Gambian village. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991, 85: 824-828. 10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90470-J.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080170109035","volume":"110","author":"RJ Brechner","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brechner RJ, West S, Lynch M: Trachoma and flies. Individual vs environmental risk factors. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992, 110: 687-689. 10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080170109035.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.75.6.322","volume":"75","author":"P Courtright","year":"1991","unstructured":"Courtright P, Sheppard J, Lane S, Sadek A, Schachter J, Dawson CR: Latrine ownership as a protective factor in inflammatory trachoma in Egypt. Br J Ophthalmol. 1991, 75: 322-325. 10.1136\/bjo.75.6.322.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.71.11.873","volume":"71","author":"G De Sole","year":"1987","unstructured":"De Sole G: Impact of cattle on the prevalence and severity of trachoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1987, 71: 873-876. 10.1136\/bjo.71.11.873.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09158-2","volume":"353","author":"PM Emerson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Walraven GE, Faal H, Bogh C, Lowe K, Bailey RL: Effect of fly control on trachoma and diarrhoea. Lancet. 1999, 353: 1401-1403. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09158-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.1.194","volume":"31","author":"JF Schemann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schemann JF, Sacko D, Malvy D, Momo G, Traore L, Bore O, Coulibaly S, Banou A: Risk factors for trachoma in Mali. Int J Epidemiol. 2002, 31: 194-201. 10.1093\/ije\/31.1.194.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020903037","volume":"107","author":"HR Taylor","year":"1989","unstructured":"Taylor HR, West SK, Mmbaga BB, Katala SJ, Turner V, Lynch M, Munoz B, Rapoza PA: Hygiene factors and increased risk of trachoma in central Tanzania. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989, 107: 1821-1825. 10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020903037.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/17.4.865","volume":"17","author":"J Katz","year":"1988","unstructured":"Katz J, Zeger SL, Tielsch JM: Village and household clustering of xerophthalmia and trachoma. Int J Epidemiol. 1988, 17: 865-869. 10.1093\/ije\/17.4.865.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.3.204","volume":"152","author":"Y-H Hsieh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hsieh Y-H, Bobo LD, Quinn TC, West SK: Risk factors for trachoma: 6-year follow-up of children aged 1 and 2 years. Am J Epidemiol. 2000, 152: 204-211. 10.1093\/aje\/152.3.204.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00603.x","volume":"5","author":"PM Emerson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Emerson PM, Cairncross S, Bailey RL, Mabey DC: Review of the evidence base for the 'F' and 'E' components of the SAFE strategy for trachoma control. Trop Med Int Health. 2000, 5: 515-527. 10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00603.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.12.1406","volume":"85","author":"G Ezz al Arab","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ezz al Arab G, Tawfik N, El Gendy R, Anwar W, Courtright P: The burden of trachoma in the rural Nile Delta of Egypt: a survey of Menofiya governorate. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001, 85: 1406-1410. 10.1136\/bjo.85.12.1406.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10_CR16","first-page":"233","volume":"79","author":"R Bailey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bailey R, Lietman T: The SAFE strategy for the elimination of trachoma by 2020: will it work?. Bull World Health Organ. 2001, 79: 233-236.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.12.002","volume":"100","author":"S Polack","year":"2006","unstructured":"Polack S, Kuper H, Solomon AW, Massae PA, Abuelo C, Cameron E, Valdmanis V, Mahande M, Foster A, Foster ADM: The relationship between prevalence of active trachoma, water availability and its use in a Tanzanian village. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006, 100: 1075-1083. 10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.12.002.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-211.x","volume":"2","author":"N Zerihun","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zerihun N: Trachoma in Jimma zone, south western Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health. 1997, 2: 1115-1121. 10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-211.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01553.x","volume":"11","author":"RF Baggaley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baggaley RF, Solomon AW, Kuper H, Polack S, Massae PA, Kelly J, Safari S, Alexander ND, Courtright P, Foster A: Distance to water source and altitude in relation to active trachoma in Rombo district, Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health. 2006, 11: 220-227. 10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01553.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10_CR20","first-page":"477","volume":"65","author":"B Thylefors","year":"1987","unstructured":"Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, Taylor HR: A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications. Bull World Health Organ. 1987, 65: 477-483.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-173","volume":"8","author":"SM Ahmed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ahmed SM, Haque R, Haque U, Hossain A: Knowledge on the transmission, prevention and treatment of malaria among two endemic populations of Bangladesh and their health-seeking behaviour. Malar J. 2009, 8: 173-10.1186\/1475-2875-8-173.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"10_CR22","volume-title":"Designing Clinical Research","author":"BH Stephen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stephen BH, Steven RC, Warren SB, Deborah GG, Thomas BN: Designing Clinical Research. 2007, New York, USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 3","edition":"3"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/2049-9957-1-10.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T20:51:40Z","timestamp":1630529500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/idpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/2049-9957-1-10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2049-9957-1-10","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 July 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"10"}}