{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:37:41Z","timestamp":1790415461776,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["acta neuropathol commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Neuronal activity intimately communicates with blood flow through the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) in the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocyte endfeet cover more than 90% of brain capillaries and interact with synapses and nodes of Ranvier. The roles of astrocytes in neurovascular coupling in the CNS remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Here we show that astrocytes that are intrinsically different are activated by inflammatory autoimmune insults and alterations of neuronal activity. In the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), both fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes were broadly and reversibly activated in the brain and spinal cord, indicated by marked upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and other astrocytic proteins. In early and remitting EAE, upregulated GFAP and astrocytic endfoot water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4) enclosed white matter lesions in spinal cord, whereas they markedly increased and formed bundles in exacerbated lesions in late EAE. In cerebellar cortex, upregulation of astrocytic proteins correlated with EAE severity. On the other hand, protoplasmic astrocytes were also markedly activated in the brains of ankyrin-G (AnkG) and Kv3.1 KO mice, where neuronal activities are altered. Massive astrocytes replaced degenerated Purkinje neurons in AnkG KO mice. In Kv3.1 KO mice, GFAP staining significantly increased in cerebellar cortex, where Kv3.1 is normally highly expressed, but displayed in a patchy pattern in parts of the hippocampus.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Thus, astrocytes can detect changes in both blood and neurons, which supports their central role in neurovascular coupling. These studies contribute to the development of new strategies of neuroprotection and repair for various diseases, through activity-dependent regulation of neurovascular coupling.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-5960-1-70","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,23]],"date-time":"2013-10-23T17:08:03Z","timestamp":1382548083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Astrocytes differentially respond to inflammatory autoimmune insults and imbalances of neural activity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Jukkola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.01.003","volume":"57","author":"BV Zlokovic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zlokovic BV: The blood\u2013brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Neuron 2008,57(2):178\u2013201. 10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.01.003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"64_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.07.013","volume":"71","author":"A Quaegebeur","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quaegebeur A, Lange C, Carmeliet P: The neurovascular link in health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Neuron 2011,71(3):406\u2013424. 10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.07.013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"64_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58644","volume":"122","author":"RM Ransohoff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ransohoff RM, Brown MA: Innate immunity in the central nervous system. J Clin Invest 2012,122(4):1164\u20131171. 10.1172\/JCI58644","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"10","key":"64_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2003.08.008","volume":"26","author":"M Nedergaard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nedergaard M, Ransom B, Goldman SA: New roles for astrocytes: redefining the functional architecture of the brain. Trends Neurosci 2003,26(10):523\u2013530. 10.1016\/j.tins.2003.08.008","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"7321","key":"64_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09612","volume":"468","author":"C Eroglu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eroglu C, Barres BA: Regulation of synaptic connectivity by glia. Nature 2010,468(7321):223\u2013231. 10.1038\/nature09612","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"64_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20650","volume":"56","author":"A Sorensen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sorensen A, et al.: Astrocytes, but not olfactory ensheathing cells or Schwann cells, promote myelination of CNS axons in vitro . Glia 2008,56(7):750\u2013763. 10.1002\/glia.20650","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"37","key":"64_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13028","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1449-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"B Nash","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nash B, et al.: Functional duality of astrocytes in myelination. J Neurosci 2011,31(37):13028\u201313038. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1449-11.2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"64_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.08.009","volume":"71","author":"GC Petzold","year":"2011","unstructured":"Petzold GC, Murthy VN: Role of astrocytes in neurovascular coupling. Neuron 2011,71(5):782\u2013797. 10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.08.009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"64_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.013","volume":"60","author":"BA Barres","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barres BA: The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease. Neuron 2008,60(3):430\u2013440. 10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"64_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-0174","volume":"74","author":"KM Dunn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dunn KM, Nelson MT: Potassium channels and neurovascular coupling. Circ J 2010,74(4):608\u2013616. 10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-0174","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"issue":"23","key":"64_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1100648","volume":"365","author":"CF Lucchinetti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lucchinetti CF, et al.: Inflammatory cortical demyelination in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2011,365(23):2188\u20132197. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1100648","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"64_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22443","volume":"61","author":"CR Brosnan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brosnan CR, Raine CS: The astrocyte in multiple sclerosis revisited. Glia 2013, 61: 453\u2013465. 10.1002\/glia.22443","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"14","key":"64_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-07-168575","volume":"113","author":"IL King","year":"2009","unstructured":"King IL, Dickendesher TL, Segal BM: Circulating Ly-6C\u2009+\u2009myeloid precursors migrate to the CNS and play a pathogenic role during autoimmune demyelinating disease. Blood 2009,113(14):3190\u20133197. 10.1182\/blood-2008-07-168575","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"64_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp321","volume":"133","author":"NP Young","year":"2010","unstructured":"Young NP, et al.: Perivenous demyelination: association with clinically defined acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and comparison with pathologically confirmed multiple sclerosis. Brain 2010,133(Pt 2):333\u2013348.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90668-8","volume":"28","author":"LF Eng","year":"1971","unstructured":"Eng LF, et al.: An acidic protein isolated from fibrous astrocytes. Brain Res 1971,28(2):351\u2013354. 10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90668-8","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"9451","key":"64_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","volume":"364","author":"VA Lennon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lennon VA, et al.: A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2004,364(9451):2106\u20132112. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"64_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1109980108","volume":"109","author":"SR Hinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hinson SR, et al.: Molecular outcomes of neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-IgG binding to aquaporin-4 in astrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012,109(4):1245\u20131250. 10.1073\/pnas.1109980108","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"64_CR18","first-page":"99","volume":"15","author":"P Waters","year":"2008","unstructured":"Waters P, Vincent A: Detection of anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica: current status of the assays. Int Ms J 2008,15(3):99\u2013105.","journal-title":"Int Ms J"},{"issue":"3","key":"64_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283533a3f","volume":"25","author":"MH Barnett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barnett MH, Sutton I: Neuromyelitis optica: not a multiple sclerosis variant. Curr Opin Neurol 2012,25(3):215\u2013220. 10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283533a3f","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"64_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.72","volume":"6","author":"S Jarius","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jarius S, Wildemann B: AQP4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica: diagnostic and pathogenetic relevance. Nat Rev Neurol 2010,6(7):383\u2013392. 10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.72","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"16","key":"64_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20574","volume":"55","author":"H Higashimori","year":"2007","unstructured":"Higashimori H, Sontheimer H: Role of Kir4.1 channels in growth control of glia. GLIA 2007,55(16):1668\u20131679. 10.1002\/glia.20574","journal-title":"GLIA"},{"issue":"6","key":"64_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22328","volume":"60","author":"J Stephan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stephan J, et al.: Kir4.1 channels mediate a depolarization of hippocampal astrocytes under hyperammonemic conditions in situ. GLIA 2012,60(6):965\u2013978. 10.1002\/glia.22328","journal-title":"GLIA"},{"issue":"4","key":"64_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22299","volume":"60","author":"V Bay","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bay V, Butt AM: Relationship between glial potassium regulation and axon excitability: a role for glial Kir4.1 channels. GLIA 2012,60(4):651\u2013660. 10.1002\/glia.22299","journal-title":"GLIA"},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110740","volume":"367","author":"R Srivastava","year":"2012","unstructured":"Srivastava R, et al.: Potassium channel KIR4.1 as an immune target in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2012,367(2):115\u2013123. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1110740","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.04.012","volume":"47","author":"PI Jukkola","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jukkola PI, et al.: K\u2009+\u2009channel alterations in the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurobiol Dis 2012,47(2):280\u2013293. 10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.04.012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"64_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.02.006","volume":"49","author":"T Ishibashi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ishibashi T, et al.: Astrocytes promote myelination in response to electrical impulses. Neuron 2006,49(6):823\u2013832. 10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.02.006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"64_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.09.011","volume":"60","author":"TA Watkins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Watkins TA, et al.: Distinct stages of myelination regulated by gamma-secretase and astrocytes in a rapidly myelinating CNS coculture system. Neuron 2008,60(4):555\u2013569. 10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.09.011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"64_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20029","volume":"47","author":"CG Schipke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schipke CG, Kettenmann H: Astrocyte responses to neuronal activity. Glia 2004,47(3):226\u2013232. 10.1002\/glia.20029","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"5","key":"64_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20394","volume":"54","author":"DK Binder","year":"2006","unstructured":"Binder DK, Steinhauser C: Functional changes in astroglial cells in epilepsy. Glia 2006,54(5):358\u2013368. 10.1002\/glia.20394","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"64_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn133","volume":"131","author":"T Eid","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eid T, et al.: Recurrent seizures and brain pathology after inhibition of glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus in rats. Brain 2008,131(Pt 8):2061\u20132070.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"9402","key":"64_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15166-5","volume":"363","author":"T Eid","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eid T, et al.: Loss of glutamine synthetase in the human epileptogenic hippocampus: possible mechanism for raised extracellular glutamate in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Lancet 2004,363(9402):28\u201337. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15166-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"64_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2013.01.006","volume":"105","author":"S Alvestad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alvestad S, et al.: Mislocalization of AQP4 precedes chronic seizures in the kainate model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2013,105(1\u20132):30\u201341.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"64_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1750","volume":"9","author":"SK Custer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Custer SK, et al.: Bergmann glia expression of polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-7 produces neurodegeneration by impairing glutamate transport. Nat Neurosci 2006,9(10):1302\u20131311. 10.1038\/nn1750","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"29","key":"64_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25835","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.219113","volume":"286","author":"C Gu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gu C, Gu Y: Clustering and activity tuning of kv1 channels in myelinated hippocampal axons. J Biol Chem 2011,286(29):25835\u201325847. 10.1074\/jbc.M111.219113","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"64_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11931","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011931","volume":"5","author":"Y Gu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gu Y, Gu C: Dynamics of Kv1 channel transport in axons. PLoS One 2010,5(8):e11931. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0011931","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"64_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200109026","volume":"155","author":"SM Jenkins","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jenkins SM, Bennett V: Ankyrin-G coordinates assembly of the spectrin-based membrane skeleton, voltage-gated sodium channels, and L1 CAMs at Purkinje neuron initial segments. J Cell Biol 2001,155(5):739\u2013746. 10.1083\/jcb.200109026","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"64_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.4.1533","volume":"94","author":"CS Ho","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ho CS, Grange RW, Joho RH: Pleiotropic effects of a disrupted K\u2009+\u2009channel gene: reduced body weight, impaired motor skill and muscle contraction, but no seizures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997,94(4):1533\u20131538. 10.1073\/pnas.94.4.1533","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"50","key":"64_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15735","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4048-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"EC Hurlock","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hurlock EC, et al.: Rescue of motor coordination by Purkinje cell-targeted restoration of Kv3.3 channels in Kcnc3-null mice requires Kcnc1. J Neurosci 2009,29(50):15735\u201315744. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4048-09.2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"64_CR39","first-page":"34","volume":"440","author":"JA Sanchez","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sanchez JA, et al.: Muscle and motor-skill dysfunction in a K\u2009+\u2009channel-deficient mouse are not due to altered muscle excitability or fiber type but depend on the genetic background. Pflugers Arch 2000,440(1):34\u201341.","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(82)90035-5","volume":"91","author":"A Bignami","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bignami A, Raju T, Dahl D: Localization of vimentin, the nonspecific intermediate filament protein, in embryonal glia and in early differentiating neurons. In vivo and in vitro immunofluorescence study of the rat embryo with vimentin and neurofilament antisera. Dev Biol 1982,91(2):286\u2013295. 10.1016\/0012-1606(82)90035-5","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"64_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.51.070182.001251","volume":"51","author":"E Lazarides","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lazarides E: Intermediate filaments: a chemically heterogeneous, developmentally regulated class of proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 1982, 51: 219\u2013250. 10.1146\/annurev.bi.51.070182.001251","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"issue":"7","key":"64_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38339","volume":"119","author":"JE Eriksson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eriksson JE, et al.: Introducing intermediate filaments: from discovery to disease. J Clin Invest 2009,119(7):1763\u20131771. 10.1172\/JCI38339","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"64_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.617ba.x","volume":"505","author":"G Stuart","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stuart G, Schiller J, Sakmann B: Action potential initiation and propagation in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Physiol 1997,505(Pt 3):617\u2013632.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"64_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858409341973","volume":"15","author":"BD Clark","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clark BD, Goldberg EM, Rudy B: Electrogenic tuning of the axon initial segment. Neuroscientist 2009,15(6):651\u2013668. 10.1177\/1073858409341973","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"18","key":"64_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7200","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-18-07200.1998","volume":"18","author":"L Zhou","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zhou L, et al.: Temperature-sensitive neuromuscular transmission in Kv1.1 null mice: role of potassium channels under the myelin sheath in young nerves. J Neurosci 1998,18(18):7200\u20137215.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00628-7","volume":"40","author":"JL Salzer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Salzer JL: Polarized domains of myelinated axons. Neuron 2003,40(2):297\u2013318. 10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00628-7","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"64_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1353","volume":"81","author":"V Bennett","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bennett V, Baines AJ: Spectrin and ankyrin-based pathways: metazoan inventions for integrating cells into tissues. Physiol Rev 2001,81(3):1353\u20131392.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"64_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4314-05.2006","volume":"26","author":"Z Pan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pan Z, et al.: A common ankyrin-G-based mechanism retains KCNQ and NaV channels at electrically active domains of the axon. J Neurosci 2006,26(10):2599\u20132613. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4314-05.2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"64_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.016","volume":"136","author":"AH Song","year":"2009","unstructured":"Song AH, et al.: A selective filter for cytoplasmic transport at the axon initial segment. Cell 2009,136(6):1148\u20131160. 10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"41","key":"64_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17564","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909267106","volume":"106","author":"JM Sobotzik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sobotzik JM, et al.: AnkyrinG is required to maintain axo-dendritic polarity in vivo . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009,106(41):17564\u201317569. 10.1073\/pnas.0909267106","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"9","key":"64_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01892-0","volume":"24","author":"B Rudy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rudy B, McBain CJ: Kv3 channels: voltage-gated K\u2009+\u2009channels designed for high-frequency repetitive firing. Trends Neurosci 2001,24(9):517\u2013526. 10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01892-0","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"64_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2003.10.010","volume":"27","author":"P Jonas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jonas P, et al.: Interneuron Diversity series: Fast in, fast out\u2013temporal and spatial signal processing in hippocampal interneurons. Trends Neurosci 2004,27(1):30\u201340. 10.1016\/j.tins.2003.10.010","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.04.009","volume":"94","author":"C Gu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gu C, Barry J: Function and mechanism of axonal targeting of voltage-sensitive potassium channels. Prog Neurobiol 2011,94(2):115\u2013132. 10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.04.009","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"64_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb11293.x","volume":"868","author":"WA Coetzee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Coetzee WA, et al.: Molecular diversity of K\u2009+\u2009channels. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999, 868: 233\u2013285. 10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb11293.x","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"64_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.299305","volume":"287","author":"Y Gu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gu Y, et al.: Alternative splicing regulates Kv3.1 polarized targeting to adjust the maximal spiking frequency. J Biol Chem 2012, 287: 1755\u20131769. 10.1074\/jbc.M111.299305","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"64_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.248047","volume":"591","author":"Y Gu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gu Y, Barry J, Gu C: Kv3 channel assembly, trafficking and activity are regulated by zinc through different binding sites. J Physiol 2013, 591: 2475\u20132490.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"51","key":"64_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14158","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3675-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"M Xu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xu M, et al.: The axon-dendrite targeting of Kv3 (Shaw) channels is determined by a targeting motif that associates with the T1 domain and ankyrin G. J Neurosci 2007,27(51):14158\u201314170. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3675-07.2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"47","key":"64_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15987","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3565-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"M Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu M, et al.: Kinesin I transports tetramerized Kv3 channels through the axon initial segment via direct binding. J Neurosci 2010,30(47):15987\u201316001. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3565-10.2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"64_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.122234","volume":"126","author":"J Barry","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barry J, Xu M, Gu Y, Dangel A, Jukkola P, Shrestha C, Gu C: Activation of conventional kinesin motors in clusters by Shaw voltage-gated K\u2009+\u2009channels. J Cell Sci 2013, 126: 2027\u20132041. 10.1242\/jcs.122234","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"64_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4358-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"E Zagha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zagha E, Lang EJ, Rudy B: Kv3.3 channels at the Purkinje cell soma are necessary for generation of the classical complex spike waveform. J Neurosci 2008,28(6):1291\u20131300. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4358-07.2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"18","key":"64_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4640","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5486-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"EC Hurlock","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hurlock EC, McMahon A, Joho RH: Purkinje-cell-restricted restoration of Kv3.3 function restores complex spikes and rescues motor coordination in Kcnc3 mutants. J Neurosci 2008,28(18):4640\u20134648. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5486-07.2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"64_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4509","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-11-04509.2003","volume":"23","author":"J Devaux","year":"2003","unstructured":"Devaux J, et al.: Kv3.1b is a novel component of CNS nodes. J Neurosci 2003,23(11):4509\u20134518.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"64_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-012-9825-2","volume":"49","author":"X Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu X, et al.: Upregulation of astrocytic leptin receptor in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Mol Neurosci 2012,49(3):446\u2013456.","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"64_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.06.025","volume":"248","author":"I Kurkowska-Jastrzebska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kurkowska-Jastrzebska I, et al.: Neurodegeneration and inflammation in hippocampus in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced in rats by one - Time administration of encephalitogenic T cells. Neuroscience 2013, 248: 690\u2013698.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"64_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2010.6","volume":"90","author":"MO Ziehn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ziehn MO, et al.: Hippocampal CA1 atrophy and synaptic loss during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. EAE. Lab Invest 2010,90(5):774\u2013786. 10.1038\/labinvest.2010.6","journal-title":"EAE. Lab Invest"},{"issue":"36","key":"64_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12312","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2796-12.2012","volume":"32","author":"MO Ziehn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ziehn MO, et al.: Therapeutic testosterone administration preserves excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus during autoimmune demyelinating disease. J Neurosci 2012,32(36):12312\u201312324. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2796-12.2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"64_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2012.76","volume":"92","author":"MO Ziehn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ziehn MO, et al.: Estriol preserves synaptic transmission in the hippocampus during autoimmune demyelinating disease. Lab Invest 2012,92(8):1234\u20131245. 10.1038\/labinvest.2012.76","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"64_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3371","volume":"16","author":"S Bardehle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bardehle S, et al.: Live imaging of astrocyte responses to acute injury reveals selective juxtavascular proliferation. Nat Neurosci 2013,16(5):580\u2013586. 10.1038\/nn.3371","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"64_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02740619","volume":"14","author":"B Popko","year":"1997","unstructured":"Popko B, et al.: The effects of interferon-gamma on the central nervous system. Mol Neurobiol 1997,14(1\u20132):19\u201335.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"64_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7016","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.16.7016","volume":"88","author":"VW Yong","year":"1991","unstructured":"Yong VW, et al.: Gamma-interferon promotes proliferation of adult human astrocytes in vitro and reactive gliosis in the adult mouse brain in vivo . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991,88(16):7016\u20137020. 10.1073\/pnas.88.16.7016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"147","key":"64_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147ra111","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748","volume":"4","author":"JJ Iliff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, et al.: A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid beta. Sci Transl Med 2012,4(147):147ra111. 10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"64_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.02.001","volume":"245","author":"KH Chan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chan KH, et al.: Aquaporin-4 autoantibodies cause asymptomatic aquaporin-4 loss and activate astrocytes in mouse. J Neuroimmunol 2012,245(1\u20132):32\u201338.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"22","key":"64_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4612","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22482","volume":"518","author":"JE Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim JE, et al.: Astroglial loss and edema formation in the rat piriform cortex and hippocampus following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. J Comp Neurol 2010,518(22):4612\u20134628. 10.1002\/cne.22482","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"64_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.09.014","volume":"276","author":"K Miyamoto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miyamoto K, et al.: Upregulation of water channel aquaporin-4 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyeritis. J Neurol Sci 2009,276(1\u20132):103\u2013107.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0169-2","volume":"113","author":"C Sinclair","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sinclair C, et al.: Absence of aquaporin-4 expression in lesions of neuromyelitis optica but increased expression in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal-appearing white matter. Acta Neuropathol 2007,113(2):187\u2013194. 10.1007\/s00401-006-0169-2","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"64_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21802","volume":"66","author":"JL Bennett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bennett JL, et al.: Intrathecal pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in early neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 2009,66(5):617\u2013629. 10.1002\/ana.21802","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"64_CR77","first-page":"862169","volume-title":"Where do AQP4 antibodies fit in the pathogenesis of NMO?","author":"M Kinoshita","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kinoshita M, Nakatsuji Y: Where do AQP4 antibodies fit in the pathogenesis of NMO?. Multiple Sclerosis International; 2012:862169. doi:10.1155\/2012\/862169"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"64_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm047","volume":"130","author":"T Misu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Misu T, et al.: Loss of aquaporin 4 in lesions of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Brain 2007,130(Pt 5):1224\u20131234.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"14","key":"64_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182887957","volume":"80","author":"L Matthews","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matthews L, et al.: Distinction of seropositive NMO spectrum disorder and MS brain lesion distribution. Neurology 2013,80(14):1330\u20131337. 10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182887957","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"64_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12970","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131012970","volume":"13","author":"W Bukhari","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bukhari W, et al.: Molecular pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica. Int J Mol Sci 2012,13(10):12970\u201312993.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"64_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq177","volume":"133","author":"R Marignier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marignier R, et al.: Oligodendrocytes are damaged by neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G via astrocyte injury. Brain 2010,133(9):2578\u20132591. 10.1093\/brain\/awq177","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"64_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1177\/147323001204000427","volume":"40","author":"Y Tomizawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tomizawa Y, et al.: Blood\u2013brain barrier disruption is more severe in neuromyelitis optica than in multiple sclerosis and correlates with clinical disability. J Int Med Res 2012,40(4):1483\u20131491. 10.1177\/147323001204000427","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"64_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.03.007","volume":"235","author":"S Saadoun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saadoun S, et al.: T cell deficiency does not reduce lesions in mice produced by intracerebral injection of NMO-IgG and complement. J Neuroimmunol 2011,235(1\u20132):27\u201332.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"64_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-177279","volume":"25","author":"L Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li L, et al.: Proinflammatory role of aquaporin-4 in autoimmune neuroinflammation. Faseb J 2011,25(5):1556\u20131566. 10.1096\/fj.10-177279","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"64_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-10-94","volume":"10","author":"L Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li L, Zhang H, Verkman AS: Greatly attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in aquaporin-4 knockout mice. BMC Neurosci 2009, 10: 94. 10.1186\/1471-2202-10-94","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"64_CR86","first-page":"794","volume":"67","author":"A Kimura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kimura A, et al.: Protective role of aquaporin-4 water channels after contusion spinal cord injury. Ann Neurol 2010,67(6):794\u2013801.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"64_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","volume":"119","author":"MV Sofroniew","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sofroniew MV, Vinters HV: Astrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2010,119(1):7\u201335. 10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"64_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90238-U","volume":"6","author":"AC Charles","year":"1991","unstructured":"Charles AC, et al.: Intercellular signaling in glial cells: calcium waves and oscillations in response to mechanical stimulation and glutamate. Neuron 1991,6(6):983\u2013992. 10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90238-U","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4941","key":"64_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1967852","volume":"247","author":"AH Cornell-Bell","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cornell-Bell AH, et al.: Glutamate induces calcium waves in cultured astrocytes: long-range glial signaling. Science 1990,247(4941):470\u2013473. 10.1126\/science.1967852","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"26","key":"64_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6659","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1717-08.2008","volume":"28","author":"E Shigetomi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shigetomi E, et al.: Two forms of astrocyte calcium excitability have distinct effects on NMDA receptor-mediated slow inward currents in pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 2008,28(26):6659\u20136663. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1717-08.2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2006.12.005","volume":"13","author":"MM Halassa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Halassa MM, Fellin T, Haydon PG: The tripartite synapse: roles for gliotransmission in health and disease. Trends Mol Med 2007,13(2):54\u201363. 10.1016\/j.molmed.2006.12.005","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"64_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.001","volume":"32","author":"G Perea","year":"2009","unstructured":"Perea G, Navarrete M, Araque A: Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information. Trends Neurosci 2009,32(8):421\u2013431. 10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.001","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"64_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1722","volume":"6","author":"A Volterra","year":"2005","unstructured":"Volterra A, Meldolesi J: Astrocytes, from brain glue to communication elements: the revolution continues. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005,6(8):626\u2013640. 10.1038\/nrn1722","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"64_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22482","volume":"89","author":"CS Moore","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moore CS, et al.: How factors secreted from astrocytes impact myelin repair. J Neurosci Res 2011,89(1):13\u201321. 10.1002\/jnr.22482","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropathologica Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/2051-5960-1-70.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T01:52:42Z","timestamp":1630547562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/2051-5960-1-70"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,23]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["64"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2051-5960-1-70","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-5960"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-5960","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"70"}}