{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T03:07:12Z","timestamp":1793934432028,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4705,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Intensive Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]],"date-time":"2013-05-29T18:15:21Z","timestamp":1369851321000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":323,"title":["Understanding brain dysfunction in sepsis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Romain","family":"Sonneville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Verdonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Rauturier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle F","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djillali","family":"Annane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Chretien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarek","family":"Sharshar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530300054040","article-title":"The spectrum of septic encephalopathy. Definitions, etiologies, and mortalities","volume":"275","author":"Eidelman","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199008000-00001","article-title":"Impact of encephalopathy on mortality in the sepsis syndrome. The Veterans Administration systemic sepsis cooperative study group","volume":"18","author":"Sprung","year":"1990","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0020","first-page":"355","article-title":"Potential mechanisms and markers of critical illness-associated cognitive dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Milbrandt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.4.2749","article-title":"A prospective study of agitation in a medical-surgical ICU: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes","volume":"128","author":"Jaber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000703500511","article-title":"Hyperactive delirium and blood glucose control in critically ill patients","volume":"35","author":"Heymann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703","article-title":"Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU)","volume":"286","author":"Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1753","article-title":"Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"291","author":"Ely","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01321","article-title":"The inflammatory reflex","volume":"420","author":"Tracey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0050","first-page":"265","article-title":"Endocrine effects of vasopressin in critically ill patients","volume":"22","author":"Sharshar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-38","article-title":"Sepsis causes neuroinflammation and concomitant decrease of cerebral metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Semmler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04671","article-title":"Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-alpha","volume":"440","author":"Stellwagen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20518","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014557107","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha triggers a cytokine cascade yielding postoperative cognitive decline","volume":"107","author":"Terrando","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R88","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9019","article-title":"The impact of IL-1 modulation on the development of lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Terrando","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2012.00195","article-title":"HMGB1 mediates cognitive impairment in sepsis survivors","volume":"18","author":"Chavan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61158-2","article-title":"Systemic infection and delirium: when cytokines and acetylcholine collide","volume":"375","author":"van Gool","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.09.002","article-title":"Peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge promotes microglial hyperactivity in aged mice that is associated with exaggerated induction of both pro-inflammatory IL-1beta and anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines","volume":"23","author":"Henry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.055","article-title":"Endotoxin-induced systemic inflammation activates microglia: [(11)C]PBR28 positron emission tomography in nonhuman primates","volume":"63","author":"Hannestad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.08.014","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and disruption in working memory in aged mice after acute stimulation of the peripheral innate immune system","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.010","article-title":"Peripheral infection and aging interact to impair hippocampal memory consolidation","volume":"27","author":"Barrientos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.04.063","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta causes long-term potentiation deficiency in a mouse model of septic encephalopathy","volume":"187","author":"Imamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22082","article-title":"Role of interleukin-1beta in postoperative cognitive dysfunction","volume":"68","author":"Cibelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2005.07.003","article-title":"Systemic inflammation induces apoptosis with variable vulnerability of different brain regions","volume":"30","author":"Semmler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.01.003","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment, neuronal loss and reduced cortical cholinergic innervation after recovery from sepsis in a rodent model","volume":"204","author":"Semmler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14177","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3238-09.2009","article-title":"NOS2 gene deficiency protects from sepsis-induced long-term cognitive deficits","volume":"29","author":"Weberpals","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302883","article-title":"Persistent cognitive impairment, hippocampal atrophy and EEG changes in sepsis survivors","volume":"84","author":"Semmler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1712","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00476.2008","article-title":"Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide in activation and dysfunction of cerebrovascular endothelial cells during early onsets of sepsis","volume":"295","author":"Handa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9289-6","article-title":"Cerebral autoregulation is influenced by carbon dioxide levels in patients with septic shock","volume":"12","author":"Taccone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2007.08.006","article-title":"TNF is a key mediator of septic encephalopathy acting through its receptor, TNF receptor-1","volume":"52","author":"Alexander","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0598-y","article-title":"Brain lesions in septic shock: a magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"33","author":"Sharshar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0590","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: associated clinical and radiologic findings","volume":"85","author":"Fugate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.215","article-title":"Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study","volume":"30","author":"Bozza","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1573-6","article-title":"Plasma tryptophan and tyrosine levels are independent risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients","volume":"35","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318236f62d","article-title":"The association of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism with acute brain dysfunction during critical illness*","volume":"40","author":"Adams Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00494.x","article-title":"The neuropathology of septic shock","volume":"14","author":"Sharshar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14899-4","article-title":"Apoptosis of neurons in cardiovascular autonomic centres triggered by inducible nitric oxide synthase after death from septic shock","volume":"362","author":"Sharshar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R63","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6891","article-title":"Cerebral perfusion in sepsis-associated delirium","volume":"12","author":"Pfister","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.7.764","article-title":"Cholinergic deficiency hypothesis in delirium: a synthesis of current evidence","volume":"63","author":"Hshieh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.08.027","article-title":"Effects of isoflurane on prefrontal acetylcholine release and hypothalamic Fos response in young adult and aged rats","volume":"190","author":"Jansson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6288","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4673-11.2012","article-title":"Prior pathology in the basal forebrain cholinergic system predisposes to inflammation-induced working memory deficits: reconciling inflammatory and cholinergic hypotheses of delirium","volume":"32","author":"Field","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199602000-00020","article-title":"An alteration in the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor system in experimentally induced septic shock in rats","volume":"24","author":"Kadoi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5219","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600506103","article-title":"Central muscarinic cholinergic regulation of the systemic inflammatory response during endotoxemia","volume":"103","author":"Pavlov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1217-6","article-title":"Amino acid imbalance early in septic encephalopathy","volume":"28","author":"Basler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61855-7","article-title":"Effect of rivastigmine as an adjunct to usual care with haloperidol on duration of delirium and mortality in critically ill patients: a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial","volume":"376","author":"van Eijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200601000-00005","article-title":"Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients","volume":"104","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R38","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8916","article-title":"Effect of dexmedetomidine versus lorazepam on outcome in patients with sepsis: an a priori-designed analysis of the MENDS randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.22.2644","article-title":"Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial","volume":"298","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.304","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: two randomized controlled trials","volume":"307","author":"Jakob","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200511000-00011","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine on hippocampal focal adhesion kinase tyrosine phosphorylation in physiologic and ischemic conditions","volume":"103","author":"Dahmani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181ca6982","article-title":"Characterization of the postconditioning effect of dexmedetomidine in mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation","volume":"112","author":"Dahmani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318286cf36","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine against glutamate agonist-induced neuronal cell death are related to increased astrocyte brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression","volume":"118","author":"Degos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000201880.50116.12","article-title":"Oxidative variables in the rat brain after sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation","volume":"34","author":"Barichello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000281452.60683.96","article-title":"Antioxidant treatment prevented late memory impairment in an animal model of sepsis","volume":"35","author":"Barichello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8354-x","article-title":"Caspase-3 mediates in part hippocampal apoptosis in sepsis","volume":"47","author":"Comim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R131","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10244","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia and apoptosis of microglial cells in human septic shock","volume":"15","author":"Polito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R78","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10070","article-title":"Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels at admission as predictors of duration of acute brain dysfunction in critically ill patients","volume":"15","author":"McGrane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R297","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10598","article-title":"Biomarkers associated with delirium in critically ill patients and their relation with long-term subjective cognitive dysfunction; indications for different pathways governing delirium in inflamed and noninflamed patients","volume":"15","author":"van den Boogaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2971","article-title":"Impact of hyperglycemia on neuropathological alterations during critical illness","volume":"97","author":"Sonneville","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2010.506861","article-title":"Blood glucose dysregulation and cognitive outcome in ARDS survivors","volume":"24","author":"Hopkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2025OC","article-title":"The ARDS Cognitive Outcomes Study (ACOS): long-term neuropsychological function in acute lung injury survivors","volume":"185","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"538","key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0305","first-page":"e537","article-title":"Brain autopsy findings in intensive care unit patients previously suffering from delirium: a pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Janz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1","article-title":"Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness","volume":"38","author":"Girard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31821b843b","article-title":"Brainstem responses can predict death and delirium in sedated patients in intensive care unit","volume":"39","author":"Sharshar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0320","first-page":"524","article-title":"The effect of the alpha 2-agonist dexmedetomidine and the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist S(+)-ketamine on the expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins after incomplete cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats","volume":"96","author":"Engelhard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R38","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8916","article-title":"Effect of dexmedetomidine versus lorazepam on outcome in patients with sepsis: an a priori-designed analysis of the MENDS randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.2.9810073","article-title":"Inappropriate sympathetic activation at onset of septic shock: a spectral analysis approach","volume":"160","author":"Annane","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S331","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b6ed58","article-title":"Sepsis-associated encephalopathy and its differential diagnosis","volume":"37","author":"Iacobone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340100909","article-title":"Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool","volume":"27","author":"Bergeron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem201","article-title":"Elevated S100B levels do not correlate with the severity of encephalopathy during sepsis","volume":"99","author":"Piazza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000217218.51381.49","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of S-100beta protein and neuron-specific enolase are associated with brain injury in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"34","author":"Nguyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0355","first-page":"2179","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in infection, sepsis, and shock","volume":"27","author":"Bartynski","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318250acdc","article-title":"The relationship between delirium duration, white matter integrity, and cognitive impairment in intensive care unit survivors as determined by diffusion tensor imaging: the VISIONS prospective cohort magnetic resonance imaging study*","volume":"40","author":"Morandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318250acc0","article-title":"The association between brain volumes, delirium duration, and cognitive outcomes in intensive care unit survivors: the VISIONS cohort magnetic resonance imaging study*","volume":"40","author":"Gunther","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181a00604","article-title":"Continuous electroencephalography in the medical intensive care unit","volume":"37","author":"Oddo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182735cd7","article-title":"Generalized periodic discharges in the critically ill: a case\u2013control study of 200 patients","volume":"79","author":"Foreman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318186b9ce","article-title":"Presence of electroencephalogram burst suppression in sedated, critically ill patients is associated with increased mortality","volume":"36","author":"Watson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199201000-00016","article-title":"The electroencephalogram in sepsis-associated encephalopathy","volume":"9","author":"Young","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9728-7","article-title":"Impact of prolonged periodic epileptiform discharges on coma prognosis","volume":"17","author":"Ong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2758-y","article-title":"Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens in the critically ill: a systematic review and commentary","volume":"39","author":"Awissi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70104-7","article-title":"Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy: new clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management","volume":"6","author":"Sechi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R58","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8954","article-title":"Nicotine withdrawal and agitation in ventilated critically ill patients","volume":"14","author":"Lucidarme","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2726-6","article-title":"Intensive care unit environment may affect the course of delirium","volume":"39","author":"Zaal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31826ab49b","article-title":"Delirium in the cardiovascular ICU: exploring modifiable risk factors","volume":"41","author":"McPherson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182120b41","article-title":"Neurologic complications and outcomes of infective endocarditis in critically ill patients: the ENDOcardite en REAnimation prospective multicenter study","volume":"39","author":"Sonneville","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.562546","article-title":"Cerebral microbleeds are frequent in infective endocarditis: a case\u2013control study","volume":"40","author":"Klein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200904-0537OC","article-title":"Days of delirium are associated with 1-year mortality in an older intensive care unit population","volume":"180","author":"Pisani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000119429.16055.92","article-title":"Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"32","author":"Milbrandt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1553","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis","volume":"304","author":"Iwashyna","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2006.06.003","article-title":"Quality of life, emotional abnormalities, and cognitive dysfunction in survivors of acute lung injury\/acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Hopkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0450","first-page":"388","article-title":"Assessing neurocognitive outcomes after critical illness: are delirium and long-term cognitive impairments related?","volume":"12","author":"Hopkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.11.001","article-title":"Short- and long-term cognitive outcomes in intensive care unit survivors","volume":"30","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0941-3","article-title":"Factors associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms in a prospective cohort of patients after abdominal sepsis: a nomogram","volume":"34","author":"Boer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6149","article-title":"Delirium in the intensive care unit","volume":"12","author":"Girard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R54","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8947","article-title":"Drotrecogin alfa (activated) may attenuate severe sepsis-associated encephalopathy in clinical septic shock","volume":"14","author":"Spapen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.005","article-title":"Efficacy of hydrocortisone in preventing posttraumatic stress disorder following critical illness and major surgery","volume":"1071","author":"Schelling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0399-8","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium","volume":"33","author":"Ouimet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422002","article-title":"Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation","volume":"342","author":"Kress","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60105-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"371","author":"Girard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.56","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial","volume":"301","author":"Riker","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181c0d4f0","article-title":"Pain assessment is associated with decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit: a post Hoc analysis of the DOLOREA study","volume":"111","author":"Payen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1Q284","article-title":"I-SAVE study: impact of sedation, analgesia, and delirium protocols evaluated in the intensive care unit: an economic evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Awissi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2193-9","article-title":"Severe agitation among ventilated medical intensive care unit patients: frequency, characteristics and outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Woods","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199903043400901","article-title":"A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients","volume":"340","author":"Inouye","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000164540.58515.BF","article-title":"Delirium as detected by the CAM-ICU predicts restraint use among mechanically ventilated medical patients","volume":"33","author":"Micek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60658-9","article-title":"Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"373","author":"Schweickert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000118111.94913.22","article-title":"Selective inducible nitric oxide inhibition can restore hemodynamics, but does not improve neurological dysfunction in experimentally-induced septic shock in rats","volume":"99","author":"Kadoi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R18","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3004","article-title":"Effect of magnesium sulfate administration on blood\u2013brain barrier in a rat model of intraperitoneal sepsis: a randomized controlled experimental study","volume":"9","author":"Esen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2008.03.013","article-title":"The effects of riluzole on neurological, brain biochemical, and histological changes in early and late term of sepsis in rats","volume":"152","author":"Toklu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.07.020","article-title":"The effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on blood\u2013brain barrier permeability in septic rats","volume":"1412","author":"Avtan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021507003444","article-title":"Therapeutic approaches to reduce systemic inflammation in septic-associated neurologic complications","volume":"42","author":"Wratten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31823779ca","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulins prevent the breakdown of the blood\u2013brain barrier in experimentally induced sepsis","volume":"40","author":"Esen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Annals of Intensive Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2110582025015742?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2110582025015742?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T07:15:09Z","timestamp":1776669309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2110582025015742"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"alternative-id":["S2110582025015742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["2110-5820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2110-5820","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Understanding brain dysfunction in sepsis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of Intensive Care","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2110-5820-3-15","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Sonneville et al.; licensee Springer. 2013. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"15"}}