{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:37:54Z","timestamp":1791095874917,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJNMMI Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG-PET imaging has emerged as a promising method in the diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis commonly due to<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>. The inaccuracy of<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\u2009F-FDG-PET in the detection of periprosthetic joint infections may be related to the predominance of low-virulent<jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>strains as the causative pathogen. We have compared the<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG-PET characteristics of<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>osteomyelitis and foreign-body-associated<jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>infections under standardized laboratory conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-two rabbits were randomized into three groups. In group 1, a localized osteomyelitis model induced with a clinical strain of<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>was applied. In groups 2 and 3, a foreign-body-associated infection model induced with a clinical or laboratory strain of<jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>was applied. A small block of bone cement was surgically introduced into the medullary cavity of the proximal tibia followed by peri-implant injection of<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>(1\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\u2009CFU\/mL) or one of the two<jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>(1\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2009CFU\/mL) strains with an adjunct injection of aqueous sodium morrhuate. In group 1, the cement block was surgically removed at 2\u2009weeks but left in place in groups 2 and 3 in order to mimic foreign-body-associated<jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>infections. At 8\u2009weeks, the animals were imaged using<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\u2009F-FDG PET\/CT. The presence of bacterial infection was confirmed by cultures, and the severity of bone infections was graded by means of radiography, peripheral quantitative CT, and semi-quantitative histology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>strain caused constantly culture-positive osteomyelitis. The clinical<jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>strain resulted in foreign-body-associated infections, while the laboratory<jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>strain (ATCC 35983) induced only occasionally culture-positive infections. There was a correlation (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.645;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013) between semi-quantitative score of leukocyte infiltration and the<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\u2009F-FDG uptake in animals with positive cultures. Standardized uptake value (SUV) of the infected bones was twofold (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>animals compared with<jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>animals, but there was only a trend (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.053, ANOVA) in the differences of the corresponding SUV ratios. This was due to the altered<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\u2009F-FDG uptake of the contralateral tibias probably reflecting a systemic impact of severe osteomyelitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The peri-implant inoculation of<jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>, reflecting low virulence of the pathogen and limited leukocyte infiltration, was characterized by low<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\u2009F-FDG uptake.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-219x-2-41","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]],"date-time":"2012-07-23T14:14:13Z","timestamp":1343052853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A comparative 18F-FDG PET\/CT imaging of experimental Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis and Staphylococcus epidermidis foreign-body-associated infection in the rabbit tibia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Petteri","family":"Lankinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaisa","family":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti J","family":"Hakanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Roivainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannu T","family":"Aro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"57_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201012000-00007","volume":"18","author":"J Parvizi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parvizi J, Della Valle CJ: AAOS clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and treatment of periprosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee. 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