{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:49:51Z","timestamp":1776401391493,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prog Orthod."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The smile perception of patients is not strictly related to standardized protocols and technical implications which certainly affect clinicians' decisions. The absence of maxillary lateral incisors could affect smile esthetics either with treatment or not. The aim of the present study was to investigate if different perceptions on altered smiles due to missing maxillary lateral incisors, with or without treatment, exist among different groups of people (laypersons, adult orthodontic patients, general dentists, and orthodontists).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>An ideal smile model was selected and altered simulating different malocclusions and treatment options. Twelve simulations were submitted to four categories of respondents: laypeople, adult orthodontic patients, general dentists and orthodontists. They were asked to express smile perception for each simulation by ranking and rating simulations using a 0 to 100 visual analog scale. Analysis of variance was used to determine if there were statistically significant differences in values assigned among the four categories of respondents for each simulation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Significant differences in smile perceptions were found between professionals (dentists and orthodontists) and laypeople. Presence of dental tipping and marked diastema in the arch were disharmonious aspects less tolerated in a smile by all categories of evaluators. Simulations associated with space closure orthodontic treatment were ranked as the most attractive smile and significantly ranked higher by dental professionals than patients and laypeople.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Treatment, absence of diastema, and symmetry were the most accepted characteristics by all categories of respondents. Ideal orthodontic treatment options might be overestimated by clinicians when compared to laypeople's smile perception.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/2196-1042-14-34","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T19:01:09Z","timestamp":1380654069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Perceptions of dental professionals and laypeople to altered dental esthetics in cases with congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Olimpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosamaria","family":"Fastuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Caprioglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"39_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.33.3.c74j49r738676671","volume":"33","author":"Y Fujita","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fujita Y, Hidaka A, Nishida I, Morikawa K, Hashiguchi D, Maki K: Developmental anomalies of permanent lateral incisors in young patients. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2009,33(3):211\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"issue":"6","key":"39_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/22.6.697","volume":"22","author":"S Robertsson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Robertsson S, Mohlin B: The congenitally missing upper lateral incisor. A retrospective study of orthodontic space closure versus restorative treatment. Eur J Orthod 2000,22(6):697\u2013710. 10.1093\/ejo\/22.6.697","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"4","key":"39_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(77)90243-3","volume":"71","author":"B Schwaninger","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schwaninger B, Shaye R: Management of cases with upper incisors missing. Am J Orthod 1977,71(4):396\u2013405. 10.1016\/0002-9416(77)90243-3","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"issue":"3","key":"39_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4808848","volume":"179","author":"BJ Millar","year":"1995","unstructured":"Millar BJ, Taylor NG: Lateral thinking: the management of missing upper lateral incisors. Br Dent J 1995,179(3):99\u2013106. 10.1038\/sj.bdj.4808848","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"39_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1999.0032","volume":"130","author":"R Sabri","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sabri R: Clinical practice: management of missing maxillary lateral incisors. J Am Dent Ass 1999,130(1):80\u20134.","journal-title":"J Am Dent Ass"},{"issue":"4","key":"39_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.02.004","volume":"139","author":"VO Kokich Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kokich VO Jr, Kinzer GA, Janakievskic J: Congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors: restorative replacement. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2011,139(4):435\u201345. 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.02.004","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"39_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(70)90065-5","volume":"58","author":"DL Tuverson","year":"1970","unstructured":"Tuverson DL: Orthodontic treatment using canines in place of missing maxillary lateral incisors. Am J Orthod 1970,58(2):109\u201327. 10.1016\/0002-9416(70)90065-5","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"issue":"4","key":"39_CR8","first-page":"221","volume":"35","author":"M Rosa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rosa M, Zachrisson BU: Integrating esthetic dentistry and space closure in patients with missing maxillary lateral incisors. J Clin Orthod 2001,35(4):221\u201334.","journal-title":"J Clin Orthod"},{"key":"39_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.02.003","volume":"139","author":"BU Zachrisson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zachrisson BU, Rosa M, Toreskog S: Congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors: canine substitution. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011, 139: 434\u201344. 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.02.003","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"39_CR10","first-page":"563","volume":"41","author":"M Rosa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rosa M, Zachrisson BU: Integrating esthetic dentistry and space closure in patients with missing maxillary lateral incisors: further improvements. J Clin Orthod. 2007, 41: 563\u201373.","journal-title":"J Clin Orthod"},{"key":"39_CR11","first-page":"540","volume":"44","author":"M Rosa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rosa M, Zachrisson BU: The space-closure alternative for missing maxillary lateral incisors: an update. J Clin Orthod. 2010, 44: 540\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Orthod"},{"issue":"4","key":"39_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.2319\/030508-131.1","volume":"79","author":"C Rodrigues","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rodrigues C, Magnani R, Machado MS, Oliveira OB: The perception of smile attractiveness. Angle Orthod 2009,79(4):634\u20139. 10.2319\/030508-131.1","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"5","key":"39_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/21.5.517","volume":"21","author":"CD Johnston","year":"1999","unstructured":"Johnston CD, Burden DJ, Stevenson MR: The influence of dental to facial midline discrepancies on dental attractiveness ratings. Eur J Orthod 1999,21(5):517\u201322. 10.1093\/ejo\/21.5.517","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"6","key":"39_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.07.034","volume":"126","author":"DM Sarver","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sarver DM: Principles of cosmetic dentistry in orthodontics: part 1. Shape and proportionality of anterior teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004,126(6):749\u201353. 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.07.034","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"39_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.04.017","volume":"130","author":"VO Kokich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kokich VO, Kokich VG, Kiyak HA: Perceptions of dental professionals and laypeople to altered dental esthetics: asymmetric and symmetric situations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006, 130: 141\u201351. 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.04.017","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"39_CR16","first-page":"376","volume":"6","author":"PC Armbruster","year":"2005","unstructured":"Armbruster PC, Gardiner DM, Whitley JB Jr, Flerra J: The congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisor. Part 2: assessing dentists' preferences for treatment. World J Orthod 2005,6(4):376\u201381.","journal-title":"World J Orthod"},{"key":"39_CR17","volume-title":"Esthetic Rehabilitation in Fixed Prosthodontics. Volume 1: Esthetic Analysis","author":"M Fradeani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fradeani M: Esthetic Rehabilitation in Fixed Prosthodontics. Volume 1: Esthetic Analysis. Hanover Park: Quintessence; 2004."},{"key":"39_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","volume":"112","author":"J Cohen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cohen J: A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992, 112: 155\u201359.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"39_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pio.2011.04.002","volume":"12","author":"G Perinetti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Perinetti G, Baccetti T, Di Leonardo B, Di Lenarda R, Contardo L: Dentition phase and chronological age in relation to gingival crevicular fluid alkaline phosphatase activity in growing subjects. Prog Orthod. 2011, 12: 100\u201306. 10.1016\/j.pio.2011.04.002","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"issue":"4","key":"39_CR20","first-page":"369","volume":"6","author":"PC Armbruster","year":"2005","unstructured":"Armbruster PC, Gardiner DM, Whitley JB Jr, Flerra J: The congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisor. Part 1: esthetic judgment of treatment options. World J Orthod 2005,6(4):369\u201375.","journal-title":"World J Orthod"},{"key":"39_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.1999.tb00414.x","volume":"11","author":"VO Kokich","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kokich VO, Kiyak HA, Shapiro PA: Comparing the perception of dentist and lay people to altered dental esthetic. J Esthet Dent. 1999, 11: 311\u201324. 10.1111\/j.1708-8240.1999.tb00414.x","journal-title":"J Esthet Dent"},{"key":"39_CR22","first-page":"24","volume":"3","author":"TS Valo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Valo TS, Ohio S: Anterior esthetics and visual arts: beauty, elements of composition, and their clinical application to dentistry. Curr Opin Cosmet Dent. 1995, 3: 24\u201332.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cosmet Dent"},{"key":"39_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2001.114301","volume":"120","author":"DM Sarver","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sarver DM: The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic: the smile arc. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001, 120: 98\u2013111. 10.1067\/mod.2001.114301","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"39_CR24","first-page":"177","volume":"34","author":"S Robertsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Robertsson S, Mohlin B, Thilander B: Aesthetic evaluation in subjects treated due to congenitally missing maxillary laterals. A comparison of perception in patients, parents and dentists. Swed Dent J 2010,34(4):177\u201386.","journal-title":"Swed Dent J"},{"issue":"6","key":"39_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2010.08.004","volume":"138","author":"E Brough","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brough E, Donaldson AN, Naini FB: Canine substitution for missing maxillary lateral incisors: the influence of canine morphology, size, and shade on perceptions of smile attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010,138(6):705\u20139. 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2010.08.004","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"39_CR26","first-page":"296","volume":"12","author":"S Kavadia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kavadia S, Papadiochou S, Papadiochos I, Zafiriadis L: Agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors: a global overview of the clinical problem. Orthodontics (Chic). 2011,12(4):296\u2013317.","journal-title":"Orthodontics (Chic)"},{"issue":"12","key":"39_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/bdj.2007.1110","volume":"203","author":"SM Bukhary","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bukhary SM, Gill DS, Tredwin CJ, Moles DR: The influence of varying maxillary lateral incisor dimensions on perceived smile aesthetics. Br Dent J 2007,203(12):687\u201393. 10.1038\/bdj.2007.1110","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"39_CR28","first-page":"778","volume":"75","author":"S Geron","year":"2005","unstructured":"Geron S, Atalia W: Influence of sex on the perception of oral and smile esthetics with different gingival and incisal plane inclination. Angle Orthod. 2005, 75: 778\u201384.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"39_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.04.009","volume":"125","author":"K Kerosuo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kerosuo K, Al Enezi S, Kerosuo E, Abdulkarim E: Association between normative and self-perceived orthodontic treatment need among Arab high school students. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004, 125: 373\u201378. 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.04.009","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"39_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1073-8746(98)80016-9","volume":"4","author":"JW Beyer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Beyer JW, Lindauer SJ: Evaluation of dental midline position. Semin Orthod. 1998, 4: 395\u2013411.","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"}],"container-title":["Progress in Orthodontics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/2196-1042-14-34.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T02:42:31Z","timestamp":1630550551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/progressinorthodontics.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/2196-1042-14-34"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["39"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2196-1042-14-34","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-1042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-1042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 May 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"34"}}