{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:42:37Z","timestamp":1762004557098,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]],"date-time":"2014-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]],"date-time":"2014-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Metab Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A number of abnormalities has been identified among drug addicted users especially heroin addicts. However, there are a few studies to assess the opium effects on thyroid hormones. the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of opium on the thyroid function tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this case\u2013control, 50 male addicts, aged 20\u201350 years, with history of addiction to opium lasting more than two years, and 50 male non-addicts as control group were randomly selected. 10 cc blood sample was taken for measurements of TSH, total T4 and T3, free T4 and T3, and T3 resin uptake (T3RU) and 50 cc urine sample for opium testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The univariate analysis revealed that there was not a significant association between opium and serum levels of T4 and TSH, but compared with control group, a slight increase in total T3 and a decrease in T3RU were observed among addicts (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In multivariate analysis, opium was also found to exert a lowering effect on serum free T4 level after adjusting of age and cigarette smoking (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings of the present study demonstrated that opium can influence on thyroid function by increasing total T3 and decreasing T3RU and free T4 levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-13-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]],"date-time":"2014-01-06T12:02:03Z","timestamp":1389009723000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The effect of opium addiction on thyroid function tests"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Gozashti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Mohammadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouros","family":"Divsalar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Shokoohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"150_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2006.12.007","volume":"19","author":"M Singer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Singer M: Drugs and development: The global impact of drug use and trafficking on social and economic development. Int J Drug policy 2008, 19: 467\u2013478. 10.1016\/j.drugpo.2006.12.007","journal-title":"Int J Drug policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"150_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990701301293","volume":"33","author":"J Ahmadi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahmadi J, Pridmore S, Alimi A, Cheraghi A, Arad A, Parsaeyan H, et al.: Epidemiology of opium use in the general population. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2007, 33(3):483\u2013491. 10.1080\/00952990701301293","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"14","key":"150_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.3109\/10826081003793904","volume":"45","author":"M Najafi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Najafi M, Sheikhvatan M, Ataie-Jafari A: Effects of opium use among coronary artery disease patients in Iran. Subst Use Misuse 2010, 45(14):2579\u20132581. 10.3109\/10826081003793904","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"150_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990802122580","volume":"34","author":"L Azod","year":"2008","unstructured":"Azod L, Rashidi M, Afkhami-Ardekani M, Kiani G, Khoshkam F: Effect of opium addiction on diabetes. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2008, 34(4):383\u2013388. 10.1080\/00952990802122580","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"8","key":"150_CR5","first-page":"1145","volume":"14","author":"H Gharagozlou","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gharagozlou H, Behin MT: Frequency of psychiatric symptoms among 150 opium addicts in Shiraz, Iran. Subst Use Misuse 1979, 14(8):1145\u20131149. 10.3109\/10826087909048703","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"150_CR6","first-page":"93","volume":"11","author":"G Rangi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rangi G, De-lauretis L, Bestetti O, Sghedoni D, Gambaro V, et al.: Gonadal Function in male heroin and methadone addicts. Int J Androl 1998, 11(2):93\u2013100.","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"issue":"11","key":"150_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00200.x","volume":"97","author":"D Hermann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hermann D, Heinz A, Mann K: Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in alcoholism. Addiction 2002, 97(11):1369\u20131381. 10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00200.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"150_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03348271","volume":"3","author":"F Brambilla","year":"1980","unstructured":"Brambilla F, Nobile P, Zanoboni A, Zanoboni-Musiaccia W, Meroni PL: Effects of chronic heroin addiction on pituitary-thyroid function in man. J Endocrinol Invest 1980, 3(3):251\u2013255.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"150_CR9","first-page":"441","volume":"47","author":"A Rasheed","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rasheed A, Tareen IA: Effects of heroin on thyroid function, cortisol and testosterone level in addicts. Pol J Pharmacol 1995, 47(5):441\u2013444.","journal-title":"Pol J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"150_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(89)90344-4","volume":"34","author":"HN Bhargava","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bhargava HN, Das S, Bansinath M, Prasad R: The binding of 3H-(3-Mehis2) thyrotropin releasing hormone to brain and pituitary membranes of morphine tolerant-dependent and abstinent rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989, 34(1):7\u201312. 10.1016\/0091-3057(89)90344-4","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"150_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02434.x","volume":"17","author":"M Benavides","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benavides M, Laorden ML, Garcia-Borron JC, Milanes MV: Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase levels and activity and Fos expression during opioids withdrawal in the hypothalamic PVN and medulla oblongata catecholaminergic cell groups innervating the PVN. Eur J Neurosci 2003, 17(1):103\u2013112. 10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02434.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"150_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91089-3","volume":"346","author":"SM Gabriel","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gabriel SM, Simpkins JW, Millard WJ: Changes in anterior pituitary hormone secretion and hypothalamic catecholamine metabolism during morphine withdrawal in the female rat. Brain Res 1985, 346(1):15\u201321. 10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91089-3","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"150_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1140469","volume":"114","author":"DG Pfeiffer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pfeiffer DG, Pefeiffer A: Opiate suppression of LH secretion involves central receptors different from those that mediating opiate effects on prolactin secretion. J Endocrinol 1987, 114: 469\u2013476. 10.1677\/joe.0.1140469","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"150_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000287675.15225.0b","volume":"105","author":"E Saboory","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saboory E, Derchasky M, Ismaili M, Jahromi SS, Brull R, Carlen PL, El Beheiry H: Mechanisems of morphine enhancement of spontaneous seizure activity. Anesth Analg 2007, 105(6):1729\u20131735. 10.1213\/01.ane.0000287675.15225.0b","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"150_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-104-5-1286","volume":"104","author":"TJ Cicero","year":"1979","unstructured":"Cicero TJ, Schainker BA, Meyer ER: Endogenus opioids participate in the regulation of the hypothalamicpituitary- luteinizing hormone axis and testosterone negative feedback control of luteinizing hormone. Endocrinology 1979, 104: 1286\u20131291. 10.1210\/endo-104-5-1286","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"150_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-959447","volume":"60","author":"G Buchbaur","year":"1994","unstructured":"Buchbaur G, Nikiforov A, Rembarg B: Head space constituents of opium. Planta Med 1994, 60: 181\u2013183. 10.1055\/s-2006-959447","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"150_CR17","first-page":"1051","volume":"260","author":"CA Bossone","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bossone CA, Hannon JP: Metabolic actions of morphine in conscious chronically instrumental pigs. Am J physical 1991, 260: 1051\u20131057.","journal-title":"Am J physical"},{"key":"150_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/276190a0","volume":"276","author":"E Ipp","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ipp E, Dobbs R, Unger RH: Morphine and beta-endorphin in fluence the secretion of the endocrine pancreas. Nature 1978, 276: 190\u2013191. 10.1038\/276190a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"150_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-107-2-461","volume":"107","author":"E Ipp","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ipp E, Schusdziarra V, Harris V, Unger RH: Morphine induced hyperglycemia:role of insulin and glucagon. Endocrinology 1980, 107: 461\u2013463. 10.1210\/endo-107-2-461","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"150_CR20","first-page":"3","volume":"1","author":"ME del Valle-Soto","year":"1991","unstructured":"del Valle-Soto ME, Iglesias L, Calzada B, Vega JA, Hernandez LC, Perez-Casas A: Effects of morphine on the pituitary-thyroid axis: morphological and analytical studies. Funct Dev Morphol 1991, 1(4):3\u20136.","journal-title":"Funct Dev Morphol"},{"issue":"3","key":"150_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1996.tb00193.x","volume":"78","author":"JJ Idanpaan-Heikkila","year":"1996","unstructured":"Idanpaan-Heikkila JJ, Rauhala P, Tuominen RK, Tuomainen P, Zolotov N, Mannisto PT: Morphine withdrawal alters anterior pituitary hormone secretion, brain endopeptidase activity and brain monoamine metabolism in the rat. Pharmacol Toxicol 1996, 78(3):129\u2013135. 10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1996.tb00193.x","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"150_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0014","volume":"24","author":"Z Hochberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hochberg Z, Pacak K, Chrousos GP: Endocrine withdrawal syndromes. Endocr Rev 2003, 24(4):523\u2013538. 10.1210\/er.2001-0014","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"150_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)22136-X","volume":"246","author":"P Rauhala","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rauhala P, Mannisto PT, Tuominen RK: Effects of chronic morphine treatment on thyrotropin and prolactin levels and acute hormone responses in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988, 246(2):649\u2013654.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"150_CR24","first-page":"237","volume":"12","author":"IA Dogar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dogar IA, Ali MS, Rehman S: Addictive drugs\u2019 effect on haematological and hormonal profiles in men. Professional Med J 2005, 12(3):237\u2013246.","journal-title":"Professional Med J"},{"issue":"5s","key":"150_CR25","first-page":"485","volume":"10","author":"F Shahsavar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shahsavar F, Ghanadi K, Jafarzadeh M, Nasiri B, Forutani S: Opium addiction decreases T3 uptake amount. Life Science Journal 2013, 10(5s):485\u2013487.","journal-title":"Life Science Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"150_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00144.x","volume":"14","author":"GF Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang GF, Tang YL, Smith AK, Liu ZQ, Sheng LX, Chi Y, et al.: Alterations in pituitary-thyroid axis function among opioid-dependent subjects after acute and protracted abstinence. Addict Biol 2009, 14(3):310\u20134. 10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00144.x","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"150_CR27","first-page":"989","volume":"30","author":"KK Bhoir","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bhoir KK, Suryawanshi SA, Pandey AK: Effects of sub-lethal heroin administration on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormones (T3, T4) and thyroid gland of Mus norvegicus. J Environ Biol 2009, 30(6):989\u201394.","journal-title":"J Environ Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"150_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.07.009","volume":"506","author":"Z Yan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yan Z, Yan H, Ou H: Human thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) promoter directs efficient and sustaining transgene expression in liver-specific pattern. Gene 2012, 506(2):289\u201394. 10.1016\/j.gene.2012.07.009","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"150_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(79)90028-3","volume":"4","author":"MA Afrasiabi","year":"1978","unstructured":"Afrasiabi MA, Flomm M, Friedlander H, Valenta LJ: Endocrine studies in heroin addicts. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1978, 4: 145\u2013153.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"150_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-80-2-194","volume":"80","author":"F Azizi","year":"1974","unstructured":"Azizi F, Vagenakis AG, Portnay GI, et al.: Thyroxine transport and metabolism in methadone and heroin addicts. Ann Intern Med 1974, 80: 194\u20139. 10.7326\/0003-4819-80-2-194","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"150_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/01.adt.0000161633.63378.fb","volume":"4","author":"S George","year":"2005","unstructured":"George S: Review of neuroendocrine correlates of chronic opiate misuse: dysfunctions and pathophysiological mechanisms. Addict Disord Treat 2005, 4(3):99\u2013109. 10.1097\/01.adt.0000161633.63378.fb","journal-title":"Addict Disord Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"150_CR32","first-page":"178","volume":"40","author":"A Pende","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pende A, Musso NR, Montaldi ML, Pastorino G, Arzese M, Devilla L: Evaluation of the effects induced by four opiate drugs, with different affinities to opioid receptor subtypes, on anterior pituitary LH, TSH, PRL and GH secretion and on cortisol secretion in normal men. Biomed Pharmacother 1986, 40(5):178\u2013182.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"6","key":"150_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1979.tb02115.x","volume":"10","author":"V Chan","year":"1979","unstructured":"Chan V, Wang C, Yeung RT: Effects of heroin addiction on thyrotrophin, thyroid hormones and porlactin secretion in men. Clin Endocrinol 1979, 10(6):557\u2013565. 10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1979.tb02115.x","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"150_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-35-1-169","volume":"35","author":"L Shenkman","year":"1972","unstructured":"Shenkman L, Massie B, Mitsuma T, Hollander CS: Effects of chronic methadone administration on the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013thyroid axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1972, 35(1):169\u2013170. 10.1210\/jcem-35-1-169","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/2251-6581-13-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/2251-6581-13-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/2251-6581-13-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T11:17:31Z","timestamp":1746098251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/2251-6581-13-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2251-6581-13-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2251-6581"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2251-6581"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"5"}}