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Studies have shown that protein carbonylation caused by reactive oxygen species is involved in the etiology and pathophysiological processes of aging, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, diabetes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington\u2019s disease, and tumor. Current experimental approaches used to predict carbonylation sites are expensive, time-consuming, and limited in protein processing abilities. Computational prediction of the carbonylation residue location in protein post-translational modifications enhances the functional characterization of proteins.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, an integrated classifier algorithm, CarSite-II, was developed to identify K, P, R, and T carbonylated sites. The resampling method K-means similarity-based undersampling and the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE-KSU) were incorporated to balance the proportions of K, P, R, and T carbonylated training samples. Next, the integrated classifier system Rotation Forest uses \u201csupport vector machine\u201d subclassifications to divide three types of feature spaces into several subsets. CarSite-II gained Matthew\u2019s correlation coefficient (MCC) values of 0.2287\/0.3125\/0.2787\/0.2814, False Positive rate values of 0.2628\/0.1084\/0.1383\/0.1313, False Negative rate values of 0.2252\/0.0205\/0.0976\/0.0608 for K\/P\/R\/T carbonylation sites by tenfold cross-validation, respectively. On our independent test dataset, CarSite-II yield MCC values of 0.6358\/0.2910\/0.4629\/0.3685, False Positive rate values of 0.0165\/0.0203\/0.0188\/0.0094, False Negative rate values of 0.1026\/0.1875\/0.2037\/0.3333 for K\/P\/R\/T carbonylation sites. The results show that CarSite-II achieves remarkably better performance than all currently available prediction tools.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The related results revealed that CarSite-II achieved better performance than the currently available five programs, and revealed the usefulness of the SMOTE-KSU resampling approach and integration algorithm. For the convenience of experimental scientists, the web tool of CarSite-II is available in <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/47.100.136.41:8081\/\">http:\/\/47.100.136.41:8081\/<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-021-04134-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T14:04:22Z","timestamp":1619445862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["CarSite-II: an integrated classification algorithm for identifying carbonylated sites based on K-means similarity-based undersampling and synthetic minority oversampling techniques"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangxiang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9885-1978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangrong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4134_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3109\/10715760903456092","volume":"44","author":"J Zheng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zheng J, Bizzozero OA. 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