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However, they may fail to discover the causes specific to a particular stratum of individuals and missing from others.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To fill this gap, we introduce the problem of stratified causal discovery and propose a method, Aristotle, for solving it. Aristotle addresses the two challenges intrinsic to omics data: high dimensionality and hidden stratification. It employs existing biological knowledge and a state-of-the-art patient stratification method to tackle the above challenges and applies a quasi-experimental design method to each stratum to find stratum-specific potential causes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Evaluation based on synthetic data shows better performance for Aristotle in discovering true causes under different conditions compared to existing causal discovery methods. Experiments on a real dataset on Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity indicate that Aristotle\u2019s predictions are consistent with the existing literature. Moreover, Aristotle makes additional predictions that suggest further investigations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-021-04521-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T12:02:43Z","timestamp":1642248163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Aristotle: stratified causal discovery for omics data"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Mansouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahand","family":"Khakabimamaghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Chindelevitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Ester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"4521_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spirtes P, Glymour CN, Scheines R, Heckerman D. 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