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However, high accuracy with which genotypes are imputed is fundamental. Several accuracy measures have been proposed and some are implemented in imputation software, unfortunately diversely across platforms. In the present paper, we introduce <jats:italic>Iam<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<jats:italic>hiQ<\/jats:italic>, an independent pair of accuracy measures that can be applied to dosage files, the output of all imputation software. <jats:italic>Iam<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>imputation accuracy measure<\/jats:italic>) quantifies the average amount of individual-specific versus population-specific genotype information in a linear manner. <jats:italic>hiQ (heterogeneity in quantities of dosages)<\/jats:italic> addresses the inter-individual heterogeneity between dosages of a marker across the sample at hand.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Applying both measures to a large case\u2013control sample of the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO), comprising 27,065 individuals, we found meaningful thresholds for <jats:italic>Iam<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>hiQ<\/jats:italic> suitable to classify markers of poor accuracy. We demonstrate how Manhattan-like plots and moving averages of <jats:italic>Iam<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>hiQ<\/jats:italic> can be useful to identify regions enriched with less accurate imputed markers, whereas these regions would by missed when applying the accuracy measure <jats:italic>info <\/jats:italic>(implemented in IMPUTE2).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We recommend using <jats:italic>Iam\u00a0hiQ<\/jats:italic> additional to other accuracy scores for variant filtering before stepping into the analysis of imputed GWAS data.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-022-04568-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T09:04:18Z","timestamp":1643015058000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Iam hiQ\u2014a novel pair of accuracy indices for imputed genotypes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7848-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Rosenberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Tozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Bickeb\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"the INTEGRAL-ILCCO consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rayjean J.","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Christiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Neil E.","family":"Caporaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stig E.","family":"Bojesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Loic","family":"Le Marchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Demetrios","family":"Albanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Melinda C.","family":"Aldrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adonina","family":"Tardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Tard\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gad","family":"Rennert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John K.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Triantafillos","family":"Liloglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lambertus A.","family":"Kiemeney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Lazarus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aage","family":"Haugen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shanbeh","family":"Zienolddiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Schabath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Angeline S.","family":"Andrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Duell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Susanne M.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Brunnstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olle","family":"Melander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gary E.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marion Dawn","family":"Teare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Penella J.","family":"Woll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Risch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Muley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Landi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sanjay S.","family":"Shete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christopher I.","family":"Amos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"4568_CR1","unstructured":"NCBI Variation Summary. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/dbvar\/content\/org_summary\/"},{"key":"4568_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387688-1.00006-5","volume":"112","author":"D Lindgren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lindgren D, Hoglund M, Vallon-Christersson J. 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All consortium research, including the work presented, received approval from the Dartmouth Committee for Protection of Human Subjects on 7\/30\/2014 with id STUDY00023602. Informed consent was obtained from all participants or, if participants are under 18, from a parent and\/or legal guardian. All experimental protocols and other methods used comply with institutional, national, or international guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"50"}}