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In recent years, deep learning-based models have gotten more attention. These methods have two modules: the feature extraction module and the task prediction module. In most deep learning-based approaches, a simple task prediction loss (i.e., categorical cross entropy for the classification task and mean squared error for the regression task) is used to learn the model. In machine learning, contrastive-based loss functions are developed to learn more discriminative feature space. In a deep learning-based model, extracting more discriminative feature space leads to performance improvement for the task prediction module.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this paper, we have used multimodal knowledge as input and proposed an attention-based fusion technique to combine this knowledge. Also, we investigate how utilizing contrastive loss function along the task prediction loss could help the approach to learn a more powerful model. Four contrastive loss functions are considered: (1) max-margin contrastive loss function, (2) triplet loss function, (3) Multi-class N-pair Loss Objective, and (4) NT-Xent loss function. The proposed model is evaluated using four well-known datasets: Wang et al. dataset, Luo's dataset, Davis, and KIBA datasets.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Accordingly, after reviewing the state-of-the-art methods, we developed a multimodal feature extraction network by combining protein sequences and drug molecules, along with protein\u2013protein interaction networks and drug\u2013drug interaction networks. The results show it performs significantly better than the comparable state-of-the-art approaches.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-024-05671-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T15:02:53Z","timestamp":1706626973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["CCL-DTI: contributing the contrastive loss in drug\u2013target interaction prediction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2284-2682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Dehghan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2135-8864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karim","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7031-4609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parvin","family":"Razzaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8102-1475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Banadkuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5468-4258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajjad","family":"Gharaghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"5671_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa544","volume":"36","author":"K Abbasi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbasi K, Razzaghi P, Poso A, Amanlou M, Ghasemi JB, Masoudi-Nejad A. 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