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Although there are a few online platforms based on deep learning for drug-target interaction, affinity, and binding sites identification, there is currently no integrated online platforms for all three aspects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our solution, the novel integrated online platform Drug-Online, has been developed to facilitate drug screening, target identification, and understanding the functions of target in a progressive manner of \u201cinteraction-affinity-binding sites\u201d. Drug-Online platform consists of three parts: the first part uses the drug-target interaction identification method MGraphDTA, based on graph neural networks (GNN) and convolutional neural networks (CNN), to identify whether there is a drug-target interaction. If an interaction is identified, the second part employs the drug-target affinity identification method MMDTA, also based on GNN and CNN, to calculate the strength of drug-target interaction, i.e., affinity. Finally, the third part identifies drug-target binding sites, i.e., pockets. The method pt-lm-gnn used in this part is also based on GNN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Drug-Online is a reliable online platform that integrates drug-target interaction, affinity, and binding sites identification. It is freely available via the Internet at\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/39.106.7.26:8000\/Drug-Online\/\">http:\/\/39.106.7.26:8000\/Drug-Online\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-024-05783-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T23:15:00Z","timestamp":1713568500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Drug-Online: an online platform for drug-target interaction, affinity, and binding sites identification using deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang-Peng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang-Qing","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Liang","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5783_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bbab476","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbab476","volume":"23","author":"A Dhakal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dhakal A, McKay C, Tanner JJ, Cheng J. 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