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Evaluating model goodness of fit using the Watanabe Akaike Information Criterion (WAIC) and assessing bias through root mean square error and mean absolute error values revealed a consistent monotonic pattern. SPLTM consistently demonstrates a propensity for overestimating food security, while TMS exhibits a diverse bias profile, shifting between overestimation and underestimation based on varying correlation settings. SPAM emerges as a beacon of reliability, showcasing minimal bias and WAIC across diverse scenarios, while STSM consistently underestimates food security, particularly in regions marked by low to moderate spatio-temporal correlation. SPAM consistently outperforms other models, making it a top choice for modeling food security and nutrition dynamics in Africa. This research highlights the impact of spatial and temporal correlations on food security and nutrition patterns and provides guidance for model selection and refinement. Researchers are encouraged to meticulously evaluate the biases and goodness of fit characteristics of models, ensuring their alignment with the specific attributes of their data and research goals. This knowledge empowers researchers to select models that offer reliability and consistency, enhancing the applicability of their findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-024-05791-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T15:01:39Z","timestamp":1714230099000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimizing spatio-temporal correlation structures for modeling food security in Africa: a simulation-based investigation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Adusei","family":"Bofa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Temesgen","family":"Zewotir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"5791_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2020.103028","volume":"188","author":"CF Nicholson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nicholson CF, et al. 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This selection is based on the recommendations of experts who convened during the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) Round Table on hunger measurement at FAO headquarters in September 2011. These indicators were chosen to encompass various dimensions of food insecurity. The selection process considered expert insights and the availability of data that permits cross-regional and temporal comparisons. The FAO Statistical Quality Assurance Framework's Principle 10 underscores the strict confidentiality of data subject to national policies, particularly regarding individuals, entities, and small aggregates. 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