{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:21:03Z","timestamp":1775064063856,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea governmen","award":["No. 2021R1F1A1054528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021R1F1A1054528"]}]},{"name":"MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea, under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center) support program","award":["IITP-2023-2020-0-01789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2023-2020-0-01789"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Bioinformatics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Researchers have long studied the regulatory processes of genes to uncover their functions. Gene regulatory network analysis is one of the popular approaches for understanding these processes, requiring accurate identification of interactions among the genes to establish the gene regulatory network. Advances in genome-wide association studies and expression quantitative trait loci studies have led to a wealth of genomic data, facilitating more accurate inference of gene\u2013gene interactions. However, unknown confounding factors may influence these interactions, making their interpretation complicated. Mendelian randomization (MR) has emerged as a valuable tool for causal inference in genetics, addressing confounding effects by estimating causal relationships using instrumental variables. In this paper, we propose a new statistical method, MR-GGI, for accurately inferring gene\u2013gene interactions using Mendelian randomization.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>MR-GGI applies one gene as the exposure and another as the outcome, using causal cis-single-nucleotide polymorphisms as instrumental variables in the inverse-variance weighted MR model. Through simulations, we have demonstrated MR-GGI's ability to control type 1 error and maintain statistical power despite confounding effects. MR-GGI performed the best when compared to other methods using the F1 score on the DREAM5 dataset. Additionally, when applied to yeast genomic data, MR-GGI successfully identified six clusters. Through gene ontology analysis, we have confirmed that each cluster in our study performs distinct functional roles by gathering genes with specific functions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that MR-GGI accurately inferences gene\u2013gene interactions despite the confounding effects in real biological environments.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-024-05808-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T07:02:09Z","timestamp":1715756529000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["MR-GGI: accurate inference of gene\u2013gene interactions using Mendelian randomization"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Wonseok","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junghyun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong Wha J.","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"5808_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/74199","volume":"24","author":"H Niwa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Niwa H, Miyazaki J, Smith AG. 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