{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:11:13Z","timestamp":1772165473385,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-DU-BX-0028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-DU-BX-0028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15PNIJ-23-AG-04262-DNAX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15PNIJ-23-AG-04262-DNAX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-DU-BX-0028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-DU-BX-0028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["U-RISE T34-GM145400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U-RISE T34-GM145400"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["MBRS-RISE R25-GM059298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MBRS-RISE R25-GM059298"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["U-RISE T34-GM145400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U-RISE T34-GM145400"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["MBRS-RISE R25-GM059298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MBRS-RISE R25-GM059298"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["MARC T34-GM008574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MARC T34-GM008574"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LSAMP HRD-1826490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSAMP HRD-1826490"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Genentech Foundation Scholars","award":["#G-7874540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#G-7874540"]}]},{"name":"Genentech Foundation Scholars","award":["#G-7874540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#G-7874540"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Bioinformatics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Large-scale family pedigrees are commonly used across medical, evolutionary, and forensic genetics. These pedigrees are tools for identifying genetic disorders, tracking evolutionary patterns, and establishing familial relationships via forensic genetic identification. However, there is a lack of software to accurately simulate different pedigree structures along with genomes corresponding to those individuals in a family pedigree. This limits simulation-based evaluations of methods that use pedigrees.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have developed a python command-line-based tool called py_ped_sim that facilitates the simulation of pedigree structures and the genomes of individuals in a pedigree. py_ped_sim represents pedigrees as directed acyclic graphs, enabling conversion between standard pedigree formats and integration with the forward population genetic simulator, SLiM. Notably, py_ped_sim allows the simulation of varying numbers of offspring for a set of parents, with the capacity to shift the distribution of sibship sizes over generations. We additionally add simulations for events of misattributed paternity, which offers a way to simulate half-sibling relationships, and simulations to extend the breadth of a family pedigree. We validated the accuracy of both our genome simulator and pedigree simulator. We show that we can simulate genomes onto family pedigrees with levels of expected kinship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>py_ped_sim is a user-friendly and open-source solution for simulating pedigree structures and conducting pedigree genome simulations. It empowers medical, forensic, and evolutionary genetics researchers to gain deeper insights into the dynamics of genetic inheritance and relatedness within families.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-025-06142-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T08:27:14Z","timestamp":1746606434000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["py_ped_sim: a flexible forward pedigree and genetic simulator for complex family pedigree analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Guardado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sthen","family":"Campana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"Chavez Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shalom","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Samperio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selena","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaela","family":"Syas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan D.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena I.","family":"Zavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rori V.","family":"Rohlfs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"6142_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1086\/339815","volume":"70","author":"Y-J Li","year":"2002","unstructured":"Li Y-J, Scott WK, Hedges DJ, Zhang F, Gaskell PC, Nance MA, Watts RL, Hubble JP, Koller WC, Pahwa R, Stern MB, Hiner BC, Jankovic J, Allen FA Jr, Goetz CG, Mastaglia F, Stajich JM, Gibson RA, Middleton LT, Saunders AM, Scott BL, Small GW, Nicodemus KK, Reed AD, Schmechel DE, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Conneally PM, Roses AD, Gilbert JR, Vance JM, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA. Age at onset in two common neurodegenerative diseases is genetically controlled. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;70:985\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"6142_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0073-x","volume":"24","author":"DC Glahn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Glahn DC, Nimgaonkar VL, Ravent\u00f3s H, Contreras J, McIntosh AM, Thomson PA, Jablensky A, McCarthy NS, Charlesworth JC, Blackburn NB, Peralta JM, Knowles EEM, Mathias SR, Ament SA, McMahon FJ, Gur RC, Bucan M, Curran JE, Almasy L, Gur RE, Blangero J. Rediscovering the value of families for psychiatric genetics research. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24:523\u201335.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"6142_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0226-3","volume":"8","author":"RL Kember","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kember RL, Hou L, Ji X, Andersen LH, Ghorai A, Estrella LN, Almasy L, McMahon FJ, Brown C, Bu\u0107an M. Genetic pleiotropy between mood disorders, metabolic, and endocrine traits in a multigenerational pedigree. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:218.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"6142_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3118","volume":"13","author":"G Gibson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gibson G. Rare and common variants: twenty arguments. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13:135\u201345.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"6142_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.025585","volume":"190","author":"JM McClellan","year":"2007","unstructured":"McClellan JM, Susser E, King M-C. Schizophrenia: a common disease caused by multiple rare alleles. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:194\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"6142_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.f.136","volume":"40","author":"W Bodmer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bodmer W, Bonilla C. Common and rare variants in multifactorial susceptibility to common diseases. Nat Genet. 2008;40:695\u2013701.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"6142_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03205-y","volume":"590","author":"D Taliun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taliun D, Harris DN, Kessler MD, et al. Sequencing of 53,831 diverse genomes from the NHLBI TOPMed Program. Nature. 2021;590:290\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6142_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13421","volume":"15","author":"TN Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen TN, Chen N, Cosgrove EJ, Bowman R, Fitzpatrick JW, Clark AG. Dynamics of reduced genetic diversity in increasingly fragmented populations of Florida scrub jays. Aphelocoma coerulescens Evol Appl. 2022;15:1018\u201327.","journal-title":"Aphelocoma coerulescens Evol Appl"},{"key":"6142_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2019.103903","volume":"232","author":"M Fioretti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fioretti M, Negrini R, Biffani S, Quaglia A, Valentini A, Nardone A. Demographic structure and population dynamics of Maremmana cattle local breed after 35 years of traditional selection. Livest Sci. 2020;232:103903.","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"6142_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.11.043","volume":"17","author":"AJ Wilson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wilson AJ, Nussey DH, Pemberton JM, Pilkington JG, Morris A, Pelletier F, Clutton-Brock TH, Kruuk LEB. Evidence for a genetic basis of aging in two wild vertebrate populations. Curr Biol. 2007;17:2136\u201342.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"6142_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5922.2010.00246.x","volume":"29","author":"PA Doris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Doris PA. The genetics of blood pressure and hypertension: the role of rare variation. Cardiovasc Ther. 2011;29:37\u201345.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"6142_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10121009","volume":"10","author":"S Umer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Umer S, Zhao SJ, Sammad A, Weldegebriall Sahlu B, Yunwei P, Zhu H. AMH: could it be used as a biomarker for fertility and superovulation in domestic animals? Genes. 2019;10:1009.","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"6142_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8063","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14798","volume":"101","author":"MY Nawaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nawaz MY, Jimenez-Krassel F, Steibel JP, Lu Y, Baktula A, Vukasinovic N, Neuder L, Ireland JLH, Ireland JJ, Tempelman RJ. Genomic heritability and genome-wide association analysis of anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone in Holstein dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci. 2018;101:8063\u201375.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"6142_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12404","volume":"22","author":"CE Grueber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grueber CE, Wallis GP, Jamieson IG. Genetic drift outweighs natural selection at toll-like receptor (TLR) immunity loci in a re-introduced population of a threatened species. Mol Ecol. 2013;22:4470\u201382.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"6142_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000071","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000071","volume":"17","author":"N Fradgley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fradgley N, Gardner KA, Cockram J, Elderfield J, Hickey JM, Howell P, Jackson R, Mackay IJ. A large-scale pedigree resource of wheat reveals evidence for adaptation and selection by breeders. PLoS Biol. 2019;17:e3000071.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"6142_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2021.102474","volume":"52","author":"D Kling","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kling D, Phillips C, Kennett D, Tillmar A. Investigative genetic genealogy: current methods, knowledge and practice. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2021;52:102474.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"6142_CR17","unstructured":"Edge M (doc), Coop G: How lucky was the genetic investigation in the Golden State Killer case?"},{"key":"6142_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-111819-084213","volume":"21","author":"SH Katsanis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katsanis SH. Pedigrees and perpetrators: uses of DNA and genealogy in forensic investigations. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2020;21:535\u201364.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"key":"6142_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14615","volume":"66","author":"J Ge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ge J, Budowle B. Forensic investigation approaches of searching relatives in DNA databases. J Forensic Sci. 2021;66:430\u201343.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"6142_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13960","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13960","volume":"24","author":"\u015e Akt\u00fcrk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akt\u00fcrk \u015e, Mapelli I, G\u00fcler MN, G\u00fcr\u00fcn K, Kat\u0131rc\u0131o\u011flu B, Vural KB, Sa\u011fl\u0131can E, \u00c7etin M, Yaka R, S\u00fcrer E, Ata\u011f G, \u00c7oko\u011flu SS, Sevkar A, Alt\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131k NE, Koptekin D, Somel M. Benchmarking kinship estimation tools for ancient genomes using pedigree simulations. Mol Ecol Resour. 2024;24:e13960.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"key":"6142_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9686-44-16","volume":"44","author":"J \u00d8deg\u00e5rd","year":"2012","unstructured":"\u00d8deg\u00e5rd J, Meuwissen THE. Estimation of heritability from limited family data using genome-wide identity-by-descent sharing. Genet Sel Evol. 2012;44:16.","journal-title":"Genet Sel Evol"},{"key":"6142_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add5300","volume":"380","author":"L Anderson-Trocm\u00e9","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anderson-Trocm\u00e9 L, Nelson D, Zabad S, Diaz-Papkovich A, Kryukov I, Baya N, Touvier M, Jeffery B, Dina C, V\u00e9zina H, Kelleher J, Gravel S. On the genes, genealogies, and geographies of Quebec. Science. 2023;380:849\u201355.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6142_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-019-2611-1","volume":"20","author":"A Dimitromanolakis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dimitromanolakis A, Xu J, Krol A, Briollais L. sim1000G: a user-friendly genetic variant simulator in R for unrelated individuals and family-based designs. BMC Bioinform. 2019;20:26.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform"},{"key":"6142_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv412","volume":"31","author":"B Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li B, Wang GT, Leal SM. Generation of sequence-based data for pedigree-segregating mendelian or complex traits. Bioinformatics. 2015;31:3706\u20138.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"6142_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz881","volume":"36","author":"C Nieuwoudt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nieuwoudt C, Brooks-Wilson A, Graham J. SimRVSequences: an R package to simulate genetic sequence data for pedigrees. Bioinformatics. 2020;36:2295\u20137.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"6142_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/ng786","volume":"30","author":"GR Abecasis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Abecasis GR, Cherny SS, Cookson WO, Cardon LR. Merlin\u2013rapid analysis of dense genetic maps using sparse gene flow trees. Nat Genet. 2002;30:97\u2013101.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"6142_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad136","author":"M Rakesh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rakesh M, V\u00e9zina H, Laprise C, Freeman EE, Burkett KM, Roy-Gagnon M-H. GENLIB: new function to simulate haplotype transmission in large complex genealogies. Bioinformatics. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad136.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"6142_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007979","volume":"15","author":"M Caballero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caballero M, Seidman DN, Qiao Y, Sannerud J, Dyer TD, Lehman DM, Curran JE, Duggirala R, Blangero J, Carmi S, Williams AL. Crossover interference and sex-specific genetic maps shape identical by descent sharing in close relatives. PLoS Genet. 2019;15:e1007979.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"6142_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyab229","author":"F Baumdicker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baumdicker F, Bisschop G, Goldstein D, Gower G, Ragsdale AP, Tsambos G, Zhu S, Eldon B, Ellerman EC, Galloway JG, Gladstein AL, Gorjanc G, Guo B, Jeffery B, Kretzschumar WW, Lohse K, Matschiner M, Nelson D, Pope NS, Quinto-Cort\u00e9s CD, Rodrigues MF, Saunack K, Sellinger T, Thornton K, van Kemenade H, Wohns AW, Wong Y, Gravel S, Kern AD, Koskela J, Ralph PL, Kelleher J. Efficient ancestry and mutation simulation with msprime 10. Genetics. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/genetics\/iyab229.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"6142_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E127","DOI":"10.1086\/723601","volume":"201","author":"BC Haller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haller BC, Messer PW. SLiM 4: multispecies eco-evolutionary modeling. Am Nat. 2023;201:E127\u201339.","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"6142_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy228","volume":"36","author":"BC Haller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haller BC, Messer PW. SLiM 3: forward genetic simulations beyond the wright-fisher model. Mol Biol Evol. 2019;36:632\u20137.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"6142_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02619.x","volume":"14","author":"A Charmantier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Charmantier A, R\u00e9ale D. How do misassigned paternities affect the estimation of heritability in the wild? Mol Ecol. 2005;14:2839\u201350.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"6142_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1086\/504167","volume":"47","author":"KG Anderson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anderson KG. How well does paternity confidence match actual paternity? Evidence from worldwide nonpaternity rates. Curr Anthropol. 2006;47:513\u201320.","journal-title":"Curr Anthropol"},{"key":"6142_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.036517","volume":"59","author":"MA Bellis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bellis MA, Hughes K, Hughes S, Ashton JR. Measuring paternal discrepancy and its public health consequences. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2005;59:749\u201354.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Commun Health"},{"key":"6142_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494820926053","volume":"48","author":"P Pr\u00e4g","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pr\u00e4g P. Subjective socio-economic status predicts self-rated health irrespective of objective family socio-economic background. Scand J Public Health. 2020;48:707\u201314.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"6142_CR36","unstructured":"Hagberg A, Swart P, S Chult D: Exploring network structure, dynamics, and function using NetworkX. Los Alamos National Lab.(LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); 2008."},{"key":"6142_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarah Flood, Miriam King, Renae Rodgers, Steven Ruggles, J. Robert Warren, Daniel Backman, Annie Chen, Grace Cooper, Stephanie Richards, Megan Schouweiler and Michael Westberry. IPUMS CPS: Version 11.0. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D030.V11.0.","DOI":"10.18128\/D030.V11.0"},{"key":"6142_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq559","volume":"26","author":"A Manichaikul","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manichaikul A, Mychaleckyj JC, Rich SS, Daly K, Sale M, Chen W-M. Robust relationship inference in genome-wide association studies. Bioinformatics. 2010;26:2867\u201373.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"6142_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.116.198424","volume":"206","author":"BS Weir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weir BS, Goudet J. A unified characterization of population structure and relatedness. Genetics. 2017;206:2085\u2013103.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"6142_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14833","volume":"27","author":"J Goudet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goudet J, Kay T, Weir BS. How to estimate kinship. Mol Ecol. 2018;27:4121\u201335.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"6142_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","volume":"526","author":"A Auton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, Garrison EP, Kang HM, Korbel JO, Marchini JL, McCarthy S, McVean GA, Abecasis GR, 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature. 2015;526:68\u201374.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6142_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2020.02.010","volume":"106","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Browning SR, Browning BL. A fast and simple method for detecting identity-by-descent segments in large-scale data. Am J Hum Genet. 2020;106:426\u201337.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"6142_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau1043","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau1043","volume":"363","author":"BV Halldorsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Halldorsson BV, Palsson G, Stefansson OA, Jonsson H, Hardarson MT, Eggertsson HP, Gunnarsson B, Oddsson A, Halldorsson GH, Zink F, Gudjonsson SA, Frigge ML, Thorleifsson G, Sigurdsson A, Stacey SN, Sulem P, Masson G, Helgason A, Gudbjartsson DF, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K. Characterizing mutagenic effects of recombination through a sequence-level genetic map. Science. 2019;363:eaau1043.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6142_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9309","volume":"360","author":"J Kaplanis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaplanis J, Gordon A, Shor T, Weissbrod O, Geiger D, Wahl M, Gershovits M, Markus B, Sheikh M, Gymrek M, Bhatia G, MacArthur DG, Price AL, Erlich Y. Quantitative analysis of population-scale family trees with millions of relatives. Science. 2018;360:171\u20135.","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["BMC Bioinformatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12859-025-06142-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12859-025-06142-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12859-025-06142-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T08:27:16Z","timestamp":1746606436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12859-025-06142-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12859-025-06142-z","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.03.25.586501","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"122"}}