{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:08:26Z","timestamp":1789402106888,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Special Foundation of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University of China","award":["no. KFB25041A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. KFB25041A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Bioinformatics"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-026-06548-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T09:31:28Z","timestamp":1783330288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research on multi-trait genome association study method based on Shannon information entropy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Wanping","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runjie","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongxian","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6548_CR1","unstructured":"Ray D. Statistical modeling and testing for joint association in genome-wide association studies [PhD Thesis]. University of Minnesota; 2015."},{"issue":"01","key":"6548_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"40","author":"Y Ai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ai Y, Jia N, Wang Y, et al. Review of statistical methods and applications of genetic association analysis for multiple traits and multiple locus. J Guangxi Normal Univ (Natural Science Edition). 2022;40(01):1\u201314.","journal-title":"J Guangxi Normal Univ (Natural Science Edition)"},{"key":"6548_CR3","unstructured":"Zhao GY. Multivariate association analysis of GWAS data of multiple complex diseases based on data filling [Master\u2019s Thesis]. Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; 2022."},{"issue":"5","key":"6548_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20497","volume":"34","author":"Q Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang Q, Wu H, Guo CY, et al. Analyze multivariate phenotypes in genetic association studies by combining univariate association tests. Genet Epidemiol. 2010;34(5):444\u201354.","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6548_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001317","volume":"7","author":"AL Price","year":"2011","unstructured":"Price AL, Helgason A, Thorleifsson G, et al. Single-tissue and cross-tissue heritability of gene expression via identity-by-descent in related or unrelated individuals. PLoS Genet. 2011;7(2):e1001317.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"6548_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2376","volume":"44","author":"A Korte","year":"2012","unstructured":"Korte A, Vilhj\u00e1lmsson BJ, Segura V, et al. A mixed-model approach for genome-wide association studies of correlated traits in structured populations. Nat Genet. 2012;44(9):1066\u201371.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"19","key":"6548_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts474","volume":"28","author":"SH Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee SH, Yang J, Goddard ME, et al. Estimation of pleiotropy between complex diseases using single-nucleotide polymorphism-derived genomic relationships and restricted maximum likelihood. Bioinformatics. 2012;28(19):2540.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1446","key":"6548_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2003.1437","volume":"359","author":"LE Kruuk","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kruuk LE. Estimating genetic parameters in natural populations using the \u2018animal model.\u2019 Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2004;359(1446):873\u201390.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"6548_CR9","volume":"5","author":"Y Suzuki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Suzuki Y, M\u00e9nager H, Brancotte B, et al. Trait selection strategy in multi-trait GWAS: Boosting SNP discoverability. HGG Adv. 2024;5(3):100319.","journal-title":"HGG Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"btad777","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad777","volume":"40","author":"R Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao R, Olawsky E, McFowland E, et al. Subset scanning for multi-trait analysis using GWAS summary statistics. Bioinformatics. 2024;40(1):btad777.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003235","volume":"9","author":"S Van der Sluis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van der Sluis S, Posthuma D, Dolan CV. TATES: efficient multivariate genotype-phenotype analysis for genome-wide association studies. PLoS Genet. 2013;9(1):e1003235.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"6548_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-017-0009-4","volume":"50","author":"P Turley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turley P, Walters RK, Maghzian O, et al. Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG. Nat Genet. 2018;50(2):229\u201337.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51075-5","volume":"15","author":"G Qi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qi G, Chhetri SB, Ray D, et al. Genome-wide large-scale multi-trait analysis characterizes global patterns of pleiotropy and unique trait-specific variants. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):6985.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20257","volume":"32","author":"L Klei","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klei L, Luca D, Devlin B, et al. Pleiotropy and principal components of heritability combine to increase power for association analysis. Genet Epidemiol. 2008;32(1):9\u201319.","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6548_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts051","volume":"28","author":"CS Tang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tang CS, Ferreira MAR. A gene-based test of association using canonical correlation analysis. Bioinformatics. 2012;28(6):845\u201350.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"6548_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034861","volume":"7","author":"PF O\u2019Reilly","year":"2012","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly PF, Hoggart CJ, Pomyen Y, et al. MultiPhen: joint model of multiple phenotypes can increase discovery in GWAS. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(5):e34861.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn563","volume":"25","author":"MAR Ferreira","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ferreira MAR, Purcell SM. A multivariate test of association. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(1):132\u20133.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"6548_CR18","unstructured":"Tu L. Fine mapping of major QTL qEL1.01 controlling maize ear length and candidate gene function analysis [Master\u2019s Thesis]. Guizhou University; 2022."},{"issue":"7","key":"6548_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2314","volume":"44","author":"V Segura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Segura V, Vilhj\u00e1lmsson BJ, Platt A, et al. An efficient multi-locus mixed-model approach for genome-wide association studies in structured populations. Nat Genet. 2012;44(7):825\u201330.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"6548_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3448","volume":"48","author":"LG Fritsche","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fritsche LG, Igl W, Bailey JNC, et al. A large genome-wide association study of age-related macular degeneration highlights contributions of rare and common variants. Nat Genet. 2016;48(2):134\u201343.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"6548_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.04.005","volume":"86","author":"AL Price","year":"2010","unstructured":"Price AL, Kryukov GV, de Bakker PI, et al. Pooled association tests for rare variants in exon-resequencing studies. Am J Hum Genet. 2010;86(6):832\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"6548_CR22","unstructured":"Chen LL. Research and application of population-based association analysis for gene mapping [PhD Thesis]. Harbin Institute of Technology; 2018."},{"key":"6548_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2012-100798","volume":"49","author":"L Luo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luo L, Zhu Y, Xiong M. Quantitative trait locus analysis for next-generation sequencing with the functional linear models. J Med Genet. 2012;49:513\u201324.","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"6548_CR24","first-page":"1497","volume":"43","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen X, Wang SY, Xue EC, et al. Family-based association tests for rare variants. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2022;43(9):1497\u2013502.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"6548_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128999","volume":"10","author":"G Svishcheva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Svishcheva G, Belonogova N, Axenovich T. Region-based association test for familial data under functional linear models. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0128999.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"6548_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21757","volume":"37","author":"R Fan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fan R, Wang Y, Mills JL, et al. Functional linear models for association analysis of quantitative traits. Genet Epidemiol. 2013;37(7):726\u201342.","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6548_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxaa043","volume":"23","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang F, Wu M, Ma S. Integrative functional linear model for genome-wide association studies with multiple traits. Biostatistics. 2022;23(2):574\u201390.","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"6548_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jkab055","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkab055","volume":"11","author":"AJ Ameri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ameri AJ, Lewis ZA. Shannon entropy as a metric for conditional gene expression in Neurospora crassa. G3 (Bethesda). 2021;11(4):jkab055.","journal-title":"G3 (Bethesda)."},{"issue":"3","key":"6548_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.114.241521","volume":"165","author":"C Sauvage","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sauvage C, Segura V, Bauchet G, et al. Genome-wide association in tomato reveals 44 candidate loci for fruit metabolic traits. Plant Physiol. 2014;165(3):1120\u201332.","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6548_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-012-2002-8","volume":"126","author":"J Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu J, Ranc N, Mu\u00f1os S, et al. Phenotypic diversity and association mapping for fruit quality traits in cultivated tomato and related species. Theor Appl Genet. 2013;126(3):567\u201381.","journal-title":"Theor Appl Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"6548_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","volume":"81","author":"S Purcell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81(3):559\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-020-03697-8","volume":"134","author":"KC Bernardino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bernardino KC, de Menezes CB, de Sousa SM, et al. Association mapping and genomic selection for sorghum adaptation to tropical soils of Brazil in a sorghum multiparental random mating population. Theor Appl Genet. 2021;134(1):295\u2013312.","journal-title":"Theor Appl Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"6548_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1086\/521987","volume":"81","author":"SR Browning","year":"2007","unstructured":"Browning SR, Browning BL. Rapid and accurate haplotype phasing and missing-data inference for whole-genome association studies by use of localized haplotype clustering. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81(5):1084\u201397.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"6548_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon CE. A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell Systems Technical Journal. 1948;27(3):379\u2013423.","journal-title":"The Bell Systems Technical Journal"},{"key":"6548_CR35","volume-title":"Applied regression analysis and generalized linear models","author":"J Fox","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fox J. Applied regression analysis and generalized linear models. SAGE Publications; 2015."},{"issue":"4","key":"6548_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2848","volume":"11","author":"X Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou X, Stephens M. Efficient multivariate linear mixed model algorithms for genome-wide association studies. Nat Methods. 2014;11(4):407\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"16","key":"6548_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv222","volume":"31","author":"D Vuckovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vuckovic D, Gasparini P, Soranzo N, et al. MultiMeta: an R package for meta-analyzing multi-phenotype genome-wide association studies. Bioinformatics. 2015;31(16):2754\u20136.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"6548_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"29","author":"S-J Park","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park S-J, Yi Y. The overall t-test investigating a conflict between the individual t-test and the overall F-test in regression analysis. Seoul J Bus. 2023;29:1\u201324.","journal-title":"Seoul J Bus"},{"issue":"2","key":"6548_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1086\/511312","volume":"80","author":"T Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang T, Elston RC. Improved power by use of a weighted score test for linkage disequilibrium mapping. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;80(2):353\u201360.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"6548_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/157.4.1819","volume":"157","author":"TH Meuwissen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Meuwissen TH, Hayes BJ, Goddard M. Prediction of total genetic value using genome-wide dense marker maps. Genetics. 2001;157(4):1819\u201329.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"7","key":"6548_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.115998.110","volume":"21","author":"L Luo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luo L, Boerwinkle E, Xiong MM. Association studies for next-generation sequencing. Genome Res. 2011;21(7):1099\u2013108.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"6548_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105074","volume":"9","author":"OA Vsevolozhskaya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vsevolozhskaya OA, Zaykin DV, Greenwood MC, et al. Functional analysis of variance for association studies. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(9):e105074.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6548_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00499","volume":"10","author":"Y Zou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zou Y, Bui TT, Selvarajoo K. ABioTrans: a biostatistical tool for transcriptomics analysis. Front Genet. 2019;10:499.","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"6548_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.3390\/e12071765","volume":"12","author":"WB Sherwin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sherwin WB. Entropy and information approaches to genetic diversity and its expression: genomic geography. Entropy. 2010;12(7):1765\u201398.","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1086\/431243","volume":"77","author":"J Zhao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhao J, Boerwinkle E, Xiong M. An entropy-based statistic for genomewide association studies. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;77(1):27\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"6548_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201921","volume":"16","author":"C Dong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dong C, Chu X, Wang Y, et al. Exploration of gene-gene interaction effects using entropy-based methods. Eur J Hum Genet. 2008;16(2):229\u201335.","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"6548_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2007.10.001","volume":"250","author":"G Kang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kang G, Yue W, Zhang J, et al. An entropy-based approach for testing genetic epistasis underlying complex diseases. J Theor Biol. 2008;250(2):362\u201374.","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"6548_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Andrade M, Wang X. Entropy based genetic association tests and gene-gene interaction tests. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol. 2011;10(1).","DOI":"10.2202\/1544-6115.1719"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR49","first-page":"136","volume":"19","author":"PG Ferrario","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferrario PG, K\u00f6nig IR. Transferring entropy to the realm of GxG interactions. Brief Bioinform. 2018;19(1):136\u201347.","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"6548_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-11-27","volume":"11","author":"H Mizuno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mizuno H, Atwal G, Wang H, et al. Fine-scale detection of population-specific linkage disequilibrium using haplotype entropy in the human genome. BMC Genet. 2010;11:27.","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"6548_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.118.301058","volume":"209","author":"I Cvijovi\u0107","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cvijovi\u0107 I, Good BH, Desai MM. The effect of strong purifying selection on genetic diversity. Genetics. 2018;209(4):1235\u201378.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"6548_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.39.073003.112420","volume":"39","author":"R Nielsen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nielsen R. Molecular signatures of natural selection. Annu Rev Genet. 2005;39:197\u2013218.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"issue":"7421","key":"6548_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11532","volume":"490","author":"X Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang X, Kurata N, Wei X, et al. A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice. Nature. 2012;490(7421):497\u2013501.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02666-5","volume":"11","author":"K Semagn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Semagn K, Iqbal M, Alachiotis N, et al. Genetic diversity and selective sweeps in historical and modern Canadian spring wheat cultivars using the 90K SNP array. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):23773.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6548_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.03.012","volume":"192","author":"A Borowska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borowska A, Szwaczkowski T, Kami\u0144ski S, et al. Identification of genome regions determining semen quality in Holstein-Friesian bulls using information theory. Anim Reprod Sci. 2018;192:206\u201315.","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"6548_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-11-19","volume":"11","author":"M Ruiz-Mar\u00edn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruiz-Mar\u00edn M, Matilla-Garc\u00eda M, Cordoba JA, et al. An entropy test for single-locus genetic association analysis. BMC Genet. 2010;11:19.","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16387","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16387","volume":"5","author":"H Reyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reyer H, Hawken R, Murani E, et al. The genetics of feed conversion efficiency traits in a commercial broiler line. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):16387.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.082370","volume":"179","author":"Y Cui","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cui Y, Kang G, Sun K, et al. Gene-centric genomewide association study via entropy. Genetics. 2008;179(1):637\u201350.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"6548_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-9-90","volume":"9","author":"Y Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang Y, Li SS, Chien JW, et al. A systematic search for SNPs\/haplotypes associated with disease phenotypes using a haplotype-based stepwise procedure. BMC Genet. 2008;9:90.","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-003-1017-2","volume":"114","author":"J Hampe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hampe J, Schreiber S, Krawczak M. Entropy-based SNP selection for genetic association studies. Hum Genet. 2003;114(1):36\u201343.","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jkss.2008.10.006","volume":"38","author":"W Zhu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhu W, Zhang H. Why do we test multiple traits in genetic association studies? J Korean Stat Soc. 2009;38(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Korean Stat Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"6548_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2980","volume":"93","author":"S Bolormaa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bolormaa S, Pryce JE, Hayes BJ, Goddard ME. Multivariate analysis of a genome-wide association study in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2010;93(8):3818\u201333.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6548_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-022-08747-7","volume":"23","author":"EP Cappa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cappa EP, Chen C, Klutsch JG, et al. Multiple-trait analyses improved the accuracy of genomic prediction and the power of genome-wide association of productivity and climate change-adaptive traits in lodgepole pine. BMC Genomics. 2022;23(1):536.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"6548_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095923","volume":"9","author":"TE Galesloot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galesloot TE, van Steen K, Kiemeney LA, et al. A comparison of multivariate genome-wide association methods. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(4):e95923.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6548_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1467","volume":"2","author":"K Zhao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhao K, Tung CW, Eizenga GC, et al. Genome-wide association mapping reveals a rich genetic architecture of complex traits in Oryza sativa. Nat Commun. 2011;2:467.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"6548_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002177","volume":"7","author":"H Huang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang H, Chanda P, Alonso A, et al. Gene-based tests of association. PLoS Genet. 2011;7(7):e1002177.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"}],"container-title":["BMC Bioinformatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12859-026-06548-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12859-026-06548-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12859-026-06548-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:01:44Z","timestamp":1789401704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12859-026-06548-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12859-026-06548-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"216"}}