{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T10:59:07Z","timestamp":1775473147092,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008108","name":"Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCRD-TPE-102-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD-TPE-102-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-019-0351-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T13:57:56Z","timestamp":1562248676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Ratio and difference of the cross-sectional area of median nerve to ulnar nerve in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome: a case control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yi-Wei","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tsung-Cheng","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I-Shiang","family":"Tzeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pei-Jung","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yi-Shiung","family":"Horng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"351_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001206010069","volume":"6","author":"I Ibrahim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ibrahim I, Khan W, Goddard N, Smitham P. Suppl 1: carpal tunnel syndrome: a review of the recent literature. Open Orthop J. 2012;6:69.","journal-title":"Open Orthop J"},{"issue":"1","key":"351_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-009-1416-x","volume":"15","author":"S Uchiyama","year":"2010","unstructured":"Uchiyama S, Itsubo T, Nakamura K, Kato H, Yasutomi T, Momose T. Current concepts of carpal tunnel syndrome: pathophysiology, treatment, and evaluation. J Orthop Sci. 2010;15(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"351_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2004.34.10.565","volume":"34","author":"JC MacDermid","year":"2004","unstructured":"MacDermid JC, Doherty T. Clinical and electrodiagnostic testing of carpal tunnel syndrome: a narrative review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34(10):565\u201388.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"351_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.11.1589","volume":"58","author":"C Jablecki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jablecki C, Andary M, Floeter M, Miller R, Quartly C, Vennix M, Wilson J. Practice parameter: electrodiagnostic studies in carpal tunnel syndrome report of the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Academy of Neurology, and the American Academy of physical medicine and rehabilitation. Neurology. 2002;58(11):1589\u201392.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"351_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.03.023","volume":"86","author":"HL Lew","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lew HL, Date ES, Pan SS, Wu P, Ware PF, Kingery WS. Sensitivity, specificity, and variability of nerve conduction velocity measurements in carpal tunnel syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(1):12\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"351_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.01.101","volume":"119","author":"LD Hobson-Webb","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hobson-Webb LD, Massey JM, Juel VC, Sanders DB. The ultrasonographic wrist-to-forearm median nerve area ratio in carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119(6):1353\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"351_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880110515","volume":"11","author":"MD Redmond","year":"1988","unstructured":"Redmond MD, Rivner MH. False positive electrodiagnostic tests in carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 1988;11(5):511\u20138.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"4","key":"351_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22075","volume":"44","author":"ANL Hunderfund","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hunderfund ANL, Boon AJ, Mandrekar JN, Sorenson EJ. Sonography in carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(4):485\u201391.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"8","key":"351_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.04.040","volume":"37","author":"Y-S Horng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horng Y-S, Chang H-C, Lin K-E, Guo Y-L, Liu D-H, Wang J-D. Accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome using rest and grasp positions of the hands. J Hand Surg. 2012;37(8):1591\u20138.","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"351_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300000386","volume":"10","author":"M Keberle","year":"2000","unstructured":"Keberle M, Jenett M, Kenn W, Reiners K, Peter M, Haerten R, Hahn D. Technical advances in ultrasound and MR imaging of carpal tunnel syndrome. Eur Radiol. 2000;10(7):1043\u201350.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"351_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.06.011","volume":"37","author":"SC Roll","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roll SC, Case-Smith J, Evans KD. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography vs. electromyography in carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review of literature. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2011;37(10):1539\u201353.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"351_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.02.026","volume":"38","author":"T-W Tai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tai T-W, Wu C-Y, Su F-C, Chern T-C, Jou I-M. Ultrasonography for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2012;38(7):1121\u20138.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"351_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonagh C, Alexander M, Kane D. The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of carpal tunnel syndrome: a new paradigm. Rheumatology. 2014:keu275.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu275"},{"issue":"1","key":"351_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2008.00256.x","volume":"19","author":"MS Cartwright","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cartwright MS, Shin HW, Passmore LV, Walker FO. Ultrasonographic reference values for assessing the normal median nerve in adults. J Neuroimaging. 2009;19(1):47\u201351.","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"351_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.12.020","volume":"88","author":"MS Cartwright","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cartwright MS, Shin HW, Passmore LV, Walker FO. Ultrasonographic findings of the normal ulnar nerve in adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(3):394\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"351_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.08.022","volume":"119","author":"LH Visser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Visser LH, Smidt MH, Lee ML. Diagnostic value of wrist median nerve cross sectional area versus wrist-to-forearm ratio in carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119(12):2898\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"351_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23426","volume":"46","author":"JT Mhoon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mhoon JT, Juel VC, Hobson-Webb LD. Median nerve ultrasound as a screening tool in carpal tunnel syndrome: correlation of cross-sectional area measures with electrodiagnostic abnormality. Muscle Nerve. 2012;46(6):861\u201370.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"12","key":"351_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2011.30.12.1657","volume":"30","author":"SC Roll","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roll SC, Evans KD, Li X, Freimer M, Sommerich CM. Screening for carpal tunnel syndrome using sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 2011;30(12):1657\u201367.","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"351_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.34.6.1027","volume":"34","author":"YI Eom","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eom YI, Choi MH, Kim YK, Joo IS. Sonographic findings in the ulnar nerve according to the electrophysiologic stage of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Ultrasound Med. 2015;34(6):1027\u201334.","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"351_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1707-124","volume":"48","author":"T ATAN","year":"2018","unstructured":"ATAN T, G\u00dcNEND\u0130 Z. Diagnostic utility of the sonographic median to ulnar nerve cross-sectional area ratio in carpal tunnel syndrome. Turkish J Med Sci. 2018;48(1):110\u20136.","journal-title":"Turkish J Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"351_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2016.12.3.289","volume":"12","author":"OV Yurdakul","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yurdakul OV, Mesci N, \u00c7etinkaya Y, Geler K\u00fclc\u00fc D. Diagnostic significance of ultrasonographic measurements and median-ulnar ratio in carpal tunnel syndrome: correlation with nerve conduction studies. J Clin Neurol. 2016;12(3):289\u201394.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"351_CR22","unstructured":"Braddom RL. Physical medicine and rehabilitation: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2010.\n                    https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/books\/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation\/braddom\/978-1-4377-0884-4"},{"issue":"11","key":"351_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.07.019","volume":"88","author":"TL Brininger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brininger TL, Rogers JC, Holm MB, Baker NA, Li Z-M, Goitz RJ. Efficacy of a fabricated customized splint and tendon and nerve gliding exercises for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(11):1429\u201335.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"351_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199311000-00002","volume":"75","author":"DW Levine","year":"1993","unstructured":"Levine DW, Simmons BP, Koris MJ, Daltroy LH, Hohl GG, Fossel A, Katz JN. A self-administered questionnaire for the assessment of severity of symptoms and functional status in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg. 1993;75(11):1585\u201392.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"351_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preston DC, Shapiro BE. Electromyography and neuromuscular disorders: clinical-Electrophysiologic correlations (expert consult - online): Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.\n                    https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/books\/electromyography-and-neuromuscular-disorders\/9781455726721","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-2672-1.00016-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"351_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/102.3.619","volume":"102","author":"J Kimura","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kimura J. The carpal tunnel syndrome: localization of conduction abnormalities within the distal segment of the median nerve. Brain. 1979;102(3):619\u201335.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"351_CR27","first-page":"206","volume":"62","author":"E Johnson","year":"1981","unstructured":"Johnson E, Kukla R, Wongsam P, Piedmont A. Sensory latencies to the ring finger: normal values and relation to carpal tunnel syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1981;62(5):206\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"351_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199911001-00003","volume":"78","author":"RM Buschbacher","year":"1999","unstructured":"Buschbacher RM. Ulnar nerve motor conduction to the abductor DIGITI MINIMI1. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;78(6):S9\u2013S14.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"351_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-76610-2_1","volume-title":"Musculoskeletal Ultrasound","author":"John M.D. O\u2019Neill","year":"2008","unstructured":"O'Neill J. Musculoskeletal ultrasound: anatomy and technique: Springer New York; 2008.\n                    https:\/\/www.springer.com\/gp\/book\/9780387766096"},{"issue":"3","key":"351_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","volume":"44","author":"Elizabeth R. DeLong","year":"1988","unstructured":"DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988:837\u201345.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"351_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1991.10.10.531","volume":"10","author":"W Buchberger","year":"1991","unstructured":"Buchberger W, Sch\u00f6n G, Strasser K, Jungwirth W. High-resolution ultrasonography of the carpal tunnel. J Ultrasound Med. 1991;10(10):531\u20137.","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"351_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23317","volume":"59","author":"M Mondelli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mondelli M, Filippou G, Gallo A, Frediani B. Diagnostic utility of ultrasonography versus nerve conduction studies in mild carpal tunnel syndrome. Arthritis Care Res. 2008;59(3):357\u201366.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"351_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23389","volume":"46","author":"MS Cartwright","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cartwright MS, Hobson-Webb LD, Boon AJ, Alter KE, Hunt CH, Flores VH, Werner RA, Shook SJ, Thomas TD, Primack SJ. Evidence-based guideline: neuromuscular ultrasound for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2012;46(2):287\u201393.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"351_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.173.3.10470903","volume":"173","author":"I Duncan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Duncan I, Sullivan P, Lomas F. Sonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;173(3):681\u20134.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"5","key":"351_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.04.1715","volume":"186","author":"A Mallouhi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mallouhi A, P\u00fcltzl P, Trieb T, Piza H, Bodner G. Predictors of carpal tunnel syndrome: accuracy of gray-scale and color Doppler sonography. Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186(5):1240\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"351_CR36","first-page":"62","volume":"28","author":"W Swen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Swen W, Jacobs J, Bussemaker F, De Waard J, Bijlsma J. Carpal tunnel sonography by the rheumatologist versus nerve conduction study by the neurologist. J Rheumatol. 2001;28(1):62\u20139.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"351_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21431","volume":"40","author":"CM Zaidman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zaidman CM, Al-Lozi M, Pestronk A. Peripheral nerve size in normals and patients with polyneuropathy: an ultrasound study. Muscle Nerve. 2009;40(6):960\u20136.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"6","key":"351_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23691","volume":"47","author":"SJ Won","year":"2013","unstructured":"Won SJ, Kim BJ, Park KS, Yoon JS, Choi H. Reference values for nerve ultrasonography in the upper extremity. Muscle Nerve. 2013;47(6):864\u201371.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"10","key":"351_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2004.03.019","volume":"59","author":"T Altinok","year":"2004","unstructured":"Altinok T, Baysal O, Karakas H, S\u0131g\u0131rc\u0131 A, Alkan A, Kayhan A, Yologlu S. Ultrasonographic assessment of mild and moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Radiol. 2004;59(10):916\u201325.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"351_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen S-F, Lu C-H, Huang C-R, Chuang Y-C, Tsai N-W, Chang C-C, Chang W-N: Ultrasonographic median nerve cross-section areas measured by 8-point\" inching test\" for idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: a correlation of nerve conduction study severity and duration of clinical symptoms. BMC Med Imaging 2011, 11(1):1.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2342-11-22"},{"issue":"1","key":"351_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2501080397","volume":"250","author":"AS Klauser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klauser AS, Halpern EJ, De Zordo T, Feuchtner GM, Arora R, Gruber J, Martinoli C, L\u00f6scher WN. Carpal tunnel syndrome assessment with US: value of additional cross-sectional area measurements of the median nerve in patients versus healthy volunteers. Radiology. 2009;250(1):171\u20137.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"351_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.15.12014","volume":"35","author":"Y-T Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen Y-T, Williams L, Zak MJ, Fredericson M. Review of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome and a proposed scanning protocol. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35(11):2311\u201324.","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"351_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3649-8","volume":"25","author":"AS Klauser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Klauser AS, Ellah MMA, Halpern EJ, Siedentopf C, Auer T, Eberle G, Bellmann-Weiler R, Kremser C, Sojer M, L\u00f6scher WN. Sonographic cross-sectional area measurement in carpal tunnel syndrome patients: can delta and ratio calculations predict severity compared to nerve conduction studies? Eur Radiol. 2015;25(8):2419\u201327.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-019-0351-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-019-0351-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-019-0351-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T23:11:06Z","timestamp":1593731466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12880-019-0351-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-019-0351-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study had been approved by Taipei Tzu Chi hospital institutional review board (01-XD15\u2013036). Written informed consent were acquired from all the participants for data collection.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"52"}}