{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T21:17:16Z","timestamp":1776374236850,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-019-0364-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T11:02:57Z","timestamp":1565780577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Unenhanced multidetector computed tomography findings in acute central pulmonary embolism"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chiao-Hsuan","family":"Chien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fu-Chieh","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chin-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chia-Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wan-Ling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chee-Wai","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"364_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2006.00458.x","volume":"21","author":"FA Spencer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spencer FA, Emery C, Lessard D, Anderson F, Emani S, Aragam J, et al. The Worcester venous thromboembolism study: a population-based study of the clinical epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21:722\u20137.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"364_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2595-z","volume":"38","author":"M Rohacek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rohacek M, Buatsi J, Szucs-Farkas Z, Kleim B, Zimmermann H, Exadaktylos A, et al. Ordering CT pulmonary angiography to exclude pulmonary embolism: defense versus evidence in the emergency room. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:1345\u201351.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"364_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2012.03.002","volume":"3","author":"Z Shahriar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shahriar Z, Stephan R, Shweta M, Arun S, Mathew T, Brijal P, et al. Could the number of CT angiograms be reduced in emergency department patients suspected of pulmonary embolism? World J Emerg Med. 2012;3:172\u20136.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"key":"364_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.5.1241","volume":"111","author":"DS Kanter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kanter DS, Mikkola KM, Patel SR, Parker JA, Goldhaber SZ. Thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism. Frequency of intracranial hemorrhage and associated risk factors. Chest. 1997;111:1241\u20135.","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"364_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/1708538115589893","volume":"24","author":"Y Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma Y, Yan S, Zhou L, Yuan DT. Competitive assessments of pulmonary embolism: noninvasiveness versus the golden standard. Vascular. 2016;24:217\u201324.","journal-title":"Vascular."},{"key":"364_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2395","volume":"9","author":"J Gruettner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gruettner J, Viergutz T, Bolte M, Henzler T, Schoenberg SO, Sudarski S, et al. Importance of risk factors for the evaluation of patients with a suspected pulmonary embolism. Exp Ther Med. 2015;9:2281\u20134.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"364_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0907731","volume":"363","author":"G Agnelli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Agnelli G, Becattini C. Acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:266\u201374.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"364_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-013-0356-x","volume":"30","author":"S Sun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sun S, Semionov A, Xie X, Kosiuk J, Mesurolle B. Detection of central pulmonary embolism on non-contrast computed tomography: a case control study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;30:639\u201346.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"364_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052367","volume":"354","author":"PD Stein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stein PD, Fowler SE, Goodman LR, Gottschalk A, Hales CA, Hull RD, et al. Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2317\u201327.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"364_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.05.003","volume":"82","author":"DJ Hou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hou DJ, Tso DK, Davison C, Inacio J, Louis LJ, Nicolaou S, et al. Clinical utility of ultra high pitch dual source thoracic CT imaging of acute pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: are we one step closer towards a non-gated triple rule out? Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:1793\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"364_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.15.14677","volume":"205","author":"AS Raja","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raja AS, Ip IK, Dunne RM, Schuur JD, Mills AM, Khorasani R. Effects of performance feedback reports on adherence to evidence-based guidelines in use of CT for evaluation of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: a randomized trial. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;205:936\u201340.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"364_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-2-200107170-00010","volume":"135","author":"PS Wells","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, Stiell I, Dreyer JF, Barnes D, et al. Excluding pulmonary embolism at the bedside without diagnostic imaging: management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism presenting to the emergency department by using a simple clinical model and d-dimer. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:98\u2013107.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"364_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2010.03801.x","volume":"8","author":"E Ceriani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ceriani E, Combescure C, Le Gal G, Nendaz M, Perneger T, Bounameaux H, et al. Clinical prediction rules for pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8:957\u201370.","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"364_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-154-11-201106070-00002","volume":"154","author":"RA Douma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Douma RA, Mos IC, Erkens PM, Nizet TA, Durian MF, Hovens MM, et al. Performance of 4 clinical decision rules in the diagnostic management of acute pulmonary embolism: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:709\u201318.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"364_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-7-201110040-00007","volume":"155","author":"W Lucassen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lucassen W, Geersing GJ, Erkens PM, Reitsma JB, Moons KG, B\u00fcller H, et al. Clinical decision rules for excluding pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:448\u201360.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"364_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1160\/TH07-05-0321","volume":"99","author":"NS Gibson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gibson NS, Sohne M, Kruip MJ, Tick LW, Gerdes VE, Bossuyt PM, et al. Further validation and simplification of the Wells clinical decision rule in pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost. 2008;99:229\u201334.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"364_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2017.06.002","volume":"163","author":"Jeffrey A. Kline","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kline JA. Diagnosis and exclusion of pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.thromres.2017.06.002 [Epub ahead of print].","journal-title":"Thrombosis Research"},{"key":"364_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.2.172","volume":"295","author":"A van Belle","year":"2006","unstructured":"van Belle A, B\u00fcller HR, Huisman MV, Huisman PM, Kaasjager K, Kamphuisen PW, et al. Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography. JAMA. 2006;295:172\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"364_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-014-1290-5","volume":"22","author":"N Parikh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parikh N, Morris E, Babb J, Wickstrom M, McMenamy J, Sharma R, et al. MDCT diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism in the emergent setting. Emerg Radiol. 2015;22:379\u201384.","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"364_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613830","volume":"83","author":"PS Wells","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, Ginsberg JS, Kearon C, Gent M, et al. Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the models utility with the SimpliRED D-dimer. Thromb Haemost. 2000;83:416\u201320.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"364_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.19.2131","volume":"168","author":"FA Klok","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klok FA, Mos IC, Nijkeuter M, Righini M, Perrier A, Le Gal G, et al. Simplification of the revised Geneva score for assessing clinical probability of pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:2131\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"364_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-3-200602070-00004","volume":"144","author":"G Le Gal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Le Gal G, Righini M, Roy PM, Sanchez O, Aujesky D, Bounameaux H, et al. Prediction of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: the revised Geneva score. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:165\u201371.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"364_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2017.03.001","volume":"24","author":"L Luk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luk L, Steinman J, Newhouse JH. Intravenous contrast-induced nephropathy-the rise and fall of a threatening idea. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2017;24:169\u201375.","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"364_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-010-9673-5","volume":"27","author":"VR Tatco","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tatco VR, Piedad HH. The validity of hyperdense lumen sign in non-contrast chest CT scans in the detection of pulmonary thromboembolism. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;27:433\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging."},{"key":"364_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.245045008","volume":"24","author":"C Wittram","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wittram C, Maher MM, Yoo AJ, Kalra MK, Shepard JA, McLoud TC. CT angiography of pulmonary embolism: diagnostic criteria and causes of misdiagnosis. Radiographics. 2004;24:1219\u201338.","journal-title":"Radiographics."},{"key":"364_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn475","volume":"29","author":"A Torbicki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Gali\u00e8 N, Pruszczyk P, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the task force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2276\u2013315.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"364_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.180.6.1801661","volume":"180","author":"JP Kanne","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kanne JP, Gotway MB, Thoongsuwan N, Stern EJ. Six cases of acute central pulmonary embolism revealed on unenhanced multidetector CT of the chest. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180:1661\u20134.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"364_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rct.0000148274.45419.95","volume":"29","author":"R Cobelli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cobelli R, Zompatori M, De Luca G, Chiari G, Bresciani P, Marcato C. Clinical usefulness of computed tomography study without contrast injection in the evaluation of acute pulmonary embolism. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2005;29:6\u201312.","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"364_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200311000-00013","volume":"27","author":"P Kanne","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kanne P, Thoongsuwan N, Stern EJ. Detection of central pulmonary embolism on computed tomography densitometry images before computed tomography pulmonary angiography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2003;27:907\u201310.","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"364_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.291085061","volume":"29","author":"E Casta\u00f1er","year":"2009","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1er E, Gallardo X, Ballesteros E, Andreu M, Pallard\u00f3 Y, Mata JM, et al. CT diagnosis of chronic pulmonary thromboembolism. Radiographics. 2009;29:31\u201350.","journal-title":"Radiographics."},{"key":"364_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","volume":"44","author":"ER DeLong","year":"1988","unstructured":"DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44:837\u201345.","journal-title":"Biometrics."},{"key":"364_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.207.3.9609900","volume":"207","author":"EE Coche","year":"1998","unstructured":"Coche EE, Muller NL, Kim KI, Wiggs BR, Mayo JR. Acute pulmonary embolism: ancillary findings at spiral CT. Radiology. 1998;207:753\u20138.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"364_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.148.3.6878700","volume":"148","author":"MK Wolverson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wolverson MK, Crepps LF, Sundaram M, Heiberg E, Vas WG, Shields JB. Hyperdensity of recent hemorrhage at body computed tomography: incidence and morphologic variation. Radiology. 1983;148:779\u201384.","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"364_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000146","volume":"30","author":"A Devaraj","year":"2015","unstructured":"Devaraj A, Sayer C, Sheard S, Grubnic S, Nair A, Vlahos I. Diagnosing acute pulmonary embolism with computed tomography: imaging update. J Thorac Imaging. 2015;30:176\u201392.","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"364_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4103\/JCMRP.JCMRP_13_19","volume":"4","author":"ND Mohamed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohamed ND, Othman MHM, Hassan LS, Yousef HAZ. The accuracy of non-contrast chest computed tomographic scan in the detection of pulmonary thromboembolism. J Curr Med Res Prac. 2019;4:61\u20136.","journal-title":"J Curr Med Res Prac"},{"key":"364_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000361","volume":"33","author":"SJ Kligerman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kligerman SJ, Mitchell JW, Sechrist JW, Meeks AK, Galvin JR, White CS. Radiologist performance in the detection of pulmonary embolism: features that favor correct interpretation and risk factors for errors. J Thorac Imaging. 2018;33:350\u20137.","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"364_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.13938","volume":"205","author":"BD Hutchinson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hutchinson BD, Navin P, Marom EM, Truong MT, Bruzzi JF. Overdiagnosis of pulmonary embolism by pulmonary CT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;205:271\u20137.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-019-0364-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-019-0364-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-019-0364-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T03:15:17Z","timestamp":1695093317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12880-019-0364-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-019-0364-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Chi-Mei Medical Center institutional review board, and informed consent was waived based on the retrospective nature of this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"65"}}