{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:11:58Z","timestamp":1780351918103,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Nature Science Foundation","award":["7192227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7192227"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51972005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51972005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51672009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51672009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Foundation of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology","award":["PKUSS20190115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PKUSS20190115"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to establish a computer-aided automated method for cephalometric superimposition and to evaluate the accuracy of this method based on free-hand tracing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-eight pairs of pre-treatment (T\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and post-treatment (T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) cephalograms were selected. Structural superimpositions of the anterior cranial base, maxilla and mandible were independently completed by three operators performing traditional hand tracing methods and by computerized automation using the feature matching algorithm. To quantitatively evaluate the differences between the two methods, the hand superimposed patterns were digitized. After automated and hand superimposition of T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      cephalograms to T\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      cephalometric templates, landmark distances between paired automated and hand T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      cephalometric landmarks were measured. Differences in hand superimposition among the operators were also calculated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      landmark differences in hand tracing between the operators ranged from 0.61\u2009mm to 1.65\u2009mm for the three types of superimposition. There were no significant differences in accuracy between hand and automated superimposition (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computer-aided cephalometric superimposition provides comparably accurate results to those of traditional hand tracing and will provide a powerful tool for academic research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-020-00432-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T12:04:08Z","timestamp":1584619448000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The application and accuracy of feature matching on automated cephalometric superimposition"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yiran","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangying","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanbo","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianmin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR1","first-page":"45","volume":"1","author":"BH Broadbent","year":"1931","unstructured":"Broadbent BH. A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia. The introduction of cephalometric radiology. Angle Orthod. 1931;1(1):45\u201366.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"6","key":"432_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(76)90224-4","volume":"70","author":"S Baumrind","year":"1976","unstructured":"Baumrind S, Miller D, Molthen R. The reliability of head film measurements: 3. Tracing superimposition. Am J Orthod. 1976;70(6):617\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.2319\/0003-3219(2009)079[0428:COHACC]2.0.CO;2","volume":"79","author":"SS Huja","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huja SS, Grubaugh EL, Rummel AM, Fields HW, Beck FM. Comparison of hand-traced and computer-based Cephalometric superimpositions. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(3):428\u201335.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.10.028","volume":"64","author":"MJ Gilddon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gilddon MJ, Xia JJ, Gateno J, Wong HTF, Lasky RE, Teichgraeber JF, Jia XL, Liebschner MAK, Lemoine JJ. The accuracy of Cephalometric tracing superimposition. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64(2):194\u2013202.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"432_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.03.041","volume":"133","author":"D Roden-Johnston","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roden-Johnston D, English J, Gallerano R. Comparison of hand-traced and computerized cephalograms: landmark identification, measurement, and superimposition accuracy. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2008;133(4):556\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR6","first-page":"169","volume":"58","author":"PA Cook","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cook PA, Gravely JF. Tracing error with Bj\u00f6rk\u2019s mandibular superimposition. Angle Orthod. 1988;58(2):169\u201378.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"5","key":"432_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjq009","volume":"32","author":"G Tsorovas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsorovas G, Karsten AL. A comparison of hand-tracing and cephalometric analysis computer programs with and without advanced feature accuracy and time demands. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32(5):721\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"8","key":"432_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.876638","volume":"53","author":"WN Yue","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yue WN, Yin DL, Li CJ, Wang GP, Xu TM. 2006. Automated 2-D Cephalometric analysis on X-ray image by a model-based approach. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2006;53(8):1615\u201323.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR9","first-page":"155","volume":"74","author":"YJ Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen YJ, Chen SK, Yao JC, Chang HF. The effects of differences in landmark identification on the cephalometric measurements in traditional versus digitized cephalometry. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(2):155\u201361.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"6","key":"432_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/24.6.655","volume":"24","author":"EM Ongkosuwito","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ongkosuwito EM, Katsaros C, van\u2019t Hof MA, Bodegom JC, Kuijpers-Jagtaman AM. The reproducibility of cephalometric measurements: a comparison of analogue and digital methods. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24(6):655\u201365.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(80)90039-1","volume":"78","author":"S Baumrind","year":"1980","unstructured":"Baumrind S, Miller D. Computer-aided head film analysis: the University of California san Francisco method. Am J Orthod. 1980;78(1):41\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjn121","volume":"31","author":"O Polat-Ozsoy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Polat-Ozsoy O, Gokcelik A, Toygar Memikoglu TU. Differences in cephalometric measurements: a comparison of digital versus hand-tracing methods. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31(3):254\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"8","key":"432_CR13","first-page":"191","volume":"39","author":"W Jacquet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacquet W, Nyssen E, Bottenberg P, de Groen P, Vande VB. Novel information theory based method for superimposition of lateral head radiographs and cone beam computed tomography images. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2019;39(8):191\u20138.","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"432_CR14","unstructured":"Nabipour S, OH H, Boyd R, Baumrind S. Comparative reliability of cephalometric superimpositions: computer monitor versus acetate standard. IADR Thursday, March 17, 2011: 3:30 p.m. -4:45 p.m."},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4809(86)90023-6","volume":"19","author":"AD L\u00e9vy-Mandel","year":"1986","unstructured":"L\u00e9vy-Mandel AD, Venetsanopoulos AN, Tsotsos JK. Knowledge-based landmarking of cephalograms. Comput Biomed Res. 1986;19(3):282\u2013309.","journal-title":"Comput Biomed Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1109\/42.293920","volume":"13","author":"J Cardillo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cardillo J, Sid-Ahmed MA. An image processing system for locating craniofacial landmarks. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1994;13(2):275\u201389.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014501","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.4.1.014501","volume":"4","author":"S\u00d6 Arik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arik S\u00d6, Ibragimov B, Xing L. Fully automated quantitative cephalometry using convolutional neural networks. J Med Imaging (Bellingham). 2017;4(1):014501.","journal-title":"J Med Imaging (Bellingham)"},{"key":"432_CR18","first-page":"209","volume":"7","author":"A Bjork","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bjork A, Skieller V. Roentgencephalometric growth analysis of the maxilla. Trans Eur Orthod Soc. 1977;7:209\u201333.","journal-title":"Trans Eur Orthod Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/00016355509028170","volume":"13","author":"A Bjork","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bjork A. Facial growth in man studied with the aid of metallic implants. Acta Odontol Scand. 1955;13(1):9\u201334.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345630420014701","volume":"42","author":"A Bjork","year":"1963","unstructured":"Bjork A. Variations in the growth pattern of the human mandible: longitudinal radiographic study by the implant method. J Dent Res. 1963;42(1):400\u201311.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"432_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(89)90304-1","volume":"95","author":"IL Nielsen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nielsen IL. Maxillary superimposition: a comparison of three methods for cephalometric evaluation of growth and treatment change. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1989;95(5):422\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"432_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2319\/070107-301.1","volume":"78","author":"Y Gu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gu Y, McNamara JA Jr. Cephalometric superimpositions. Angle Orthod. 2008;78(6):967\u201376.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"432_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rublee E, Rabaud V, Konolige K, Bradski GR. ORB: an efficient alternative to SIFT or SURF. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, ICCV 2011. Barcelona: IEEE; 2011.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126544"},{"key":"432_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian JW, Lin WY, Matsushita Y, Yeung SK, Nguyen TD, Cheng MM. GMS: grid-based motion statistics for Fast, ultra robust feature correspondence. 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Honolulu: 2017. p. 2828\u201337.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.302"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1179\/bjo.23.2.93","volume":"23","author":"LE Johnston Jr","year":"1996","unstructured":"Johnston LE Jr. Balancing the books on orthodontic treatment: an integrated analysis of change. Br J Orthod. 1996;23(2):93\u2013102.","journal-title":"Br J Orthod"},{"key":"432_CR26","first-page":"430","volume-title":"Computer Vision\u2014ECCV","author":"E Rosten","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rosten E, Drummond T. Machine learning for highspeed corner detection. In: Computer Vision\u2014ECCV; 2006. p. 430\u201343."},{"issue":"12","key":"432_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2015.0132","volume":"22","author":"A Al-Okaily","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Okaily A. Error tree: a tree structure for hamming & edit distances & wildcards matching. J Comput Biol. 2015;22(12):1118\u201328.","journal-title":"J Comput Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(71)90028-5","volume":"60","author":"S Baumrind","year":"1971","unstructured":"Baumrind S, Frantz RC. The reliability of head film measurements:1. Landmark identification. Am J Orthod. 1971;60(2):111\u201327.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"issue":"5","key":"432_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(71)90116-3","volume":"60","author":"S Baumrind","year":"1971","unstructured":"Baumrind S, Frantz RC. The reliability of head film measurements:2. Conventional angular and linear measures. Am J Orthod. 1971;60(5):505\u201317.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-020-00432-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-020-00432-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-020-00432-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T20:22:01Z","timestamp":1616098921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12880-020-00432-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-020-00432-z","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.18436\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.18436\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.18436\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The institutional review board for the protection of human subjects reviewed and approved the research protocol (IRB-201626016).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"31"}}