{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T21:35:40Z","timestamp":1773956140280,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the sonographic features that help to differentiate medullary thyroid microcarcinomas (MTMCs) from papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMCs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 46 MTMCs in 41 patients and 136 PTMCs in 104 patients that were proven by surgery and pathology were included in the study. Patient age and nodule size were analyzed by independent sample t-tests, and sex, multiplicity and cervical lymph node metastases were analyzed by \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      or Fisher\u2019s exact tests. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed on the sonographic features of thyroid nodules, including location, shape, boundary, margin, peripheral halo ring, echogenicity, composition, calcifications and vascularization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with the corresponding number of patients with PTMCs, more MTMC patients had cervical lymph node metastases (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.040). There were no significant differences in age, sex, nodule size, multiplicity, location, boundary, margin, peripheral halo ring, echogenicity or microcalcifications between MTMCs and PTMCs (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05 for all). However, significant differences were found in shape (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.000), composition (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.032), macrocalcifications (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004) and vascularity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.000) between the two groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were some overlapping sonographic features between MTMCs and PTMCs. However, MTMCs tended to have a\u2009&gt;\u200950% solid composition, be ovoid to round nodules with macrocalcifications and be hypervascular. Cervical lymph node metastases were more common in MTMC patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-020-00444-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T09:10:14Z","timestamp":1589447414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Clinical and ultrasonographic features of medullary thyroid microcarcinomas compared with papillary thyroid microcarcinomas: a retrospective analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"444_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2004.23.11.1455","volume":"23","author":"JD Iannuccilli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Iannuccilli JD, Cronan JJ, Monchik JM. Risk for malignancy of thyroid nodules as assessed by sonographic criteria: the need for biopsy. J Ultrasound Med. 2004;23:1455\u201364.","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"444_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1998.17.8.487","volume":"17","author":"PW Wiest","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wiest PW, Hartshorne MF, Inskip PD, Crooks LA, Vela BS, Telepak RJ, et al. Thyroid palpation versus high-resolution thyroid ultrasonography in the detection of nodules. J Ultrasound Med. 1998;17:487\u201396.","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"444_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.18.2164","volume":"295","author":"L Davies","year":"2006","unstructured":"Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. JAMA. 2006;295:2164\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"444_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22244","volume":"107","author":"S Roman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roman S, Lin R, Sosa JA. Prognosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma: demographic, clinical, and pathologic predictors of survival in 1252 cases. Cancer. 2006;107:2134\u201342.","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"444_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.517","volume":"8","author":"ME Girelli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Girelli ME, Nacamulli D, Pelizzo MR, De Vido D, Mian C, Piccolo M, et al. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: clinical features and long-term follow-up of seventy-eight patients treated between 1969 and 1986. Thyroid. 1998;8:517\u201323.","journal-title":"Thyroid."},{"key":"444_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00392.x","volume":"48","author":"E Modigliani","year":"1998","unstructured":"Modigliani E, Cohen R, Campos JM, Conte-Devolx B, Maes B, Boneu A, et al. Prognostic factors for survival and for biochemical cure in medullary thyroid carcinoma: results in 899 patients. The GETC study group. Groupe d'etude des tumeurs a calcitonine. Clin Endocrinol. 1998;48:265\u201373.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"444_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.34.6.1003","volume":"34","author":"L Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou L, Chen B, Zhao M, Zhang H, Liang B. Sonographic features of medullary thyroid carcinomas according to tumor size. J Ultrasound Med. 2015;34:1003\u20139.","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"444_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114080","volume":"9","author":"Y Xia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xia Y, Wang L, Jiang Y, Dai Q, Li X, Li W. Sonographic appearance of primary thyroid lymphoma-preliminary experience. PLoS One. 2014;9:e114080.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"444_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2010.100247","volume":"52","author":"N Choi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi N, Moon WJ, Lee JH, Baek JH, Kim DW, Park SW. Ultrasonographic findings of medullary thyroid cancer: differences according to tumor size and correlation with fine needle aspiration results. Acta Radiol. 2011;52:312\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"444_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3276","volume":"194","author":"S Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee S, Shin JH, Han BK, Ko EY. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: comparison with papillary thyroid carcinoma and application of current sonographic criteria. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194:1090\u20134.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"444_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5225-0","volume":"23","author":"SK Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim SK, Park I, Woo JW, Lee JH, Choe JH, Kim JH, et al. Predictive factors for lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23:2866\u201373.","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"444_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4208178","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4208178","volume":"2017","author":"SC Ng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ng SC, Kuo SF, Chen ST, Hsueh C, Huang BY, Lin JD. Therapeutic outcomes of patients with multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinomas and larger tumors. Int J Endocrinol. 2017;2017:4208178.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"444_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3342\/ceo.2015.8.2.174","volume":"8","author":"YK So","year":"2015","unstructured":"So YK, Kim MW, Son YI. Multifocality and bilaterality of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;8:174\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"444_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-015-0478-9","volume":"13","author":"JY Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim JY, Jung EJ, Park T, Jeong SH, Jeong CY, Ju YT, et al. Impact of tumor size on subclinical central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma depends on age. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:88.","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol."},{"key":"444_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.15.10012","volume":"35","author":"WH Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang WH, Xu SY, Zhan WW. Clinicopathologic factors and thyroid nodule Sonographic features for predicting central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a retrospective study of 1204 patients. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35:2475\u201381.","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"444_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-017-1202-8","volume":"15","author":"X Yin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yin X, Liu C, Guo Y, Li X, Shen N, Zhao X, et al. Influence of tumor extent on central lymph node metastasis in solitary papillary thyroid microcarcinomas: a retrospective study of 1092 patients. World J Surg Oncol. 2017;15:133.","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"444_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W420","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3376","volume":"194","author":"SJ Yoon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yoon SJ, Yoon DY, Chang SK, Seo YL, Yun EJ, Choi CS, et al. \"taller-than-wide sign\" of thyroid malignancy: comparison between ultrasound and CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194:W420\u20134.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"444_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2014.1910","volume":"8","author":"XL Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang XL, Qian LX. Ultrasonic features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and non-microcarcinoma. Exp Ther Med. 2014;8:1335\u20139.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"444_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0034","volume":"27","author":"SM Ha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ha SM, Baek JH, Kim JK. Detection of malignancy among suspicious thyroid nodules <1\u2009cm on ultrasound with various thyroid image reporting and data systems. Thyroid. 2017;27:1307\u201315.","journal-title":"Thyroid."},{"key":"444_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27520","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15897","volume":"8","author":"M Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu M, Liu Z, Hou Y, Men YM, Zhang YX, Gao LY, et al. Ultrasonographic characteristics of medullary thyroid carcinoma: a comparison with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8:27520\u20138.","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"444_CR21","first-page":"3074","volume":"123","author":"S Cai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cai S, Liu H, Li WB, Ouyang YS, Zhang B, Li P, et al. Ultrasonographic features of medullary thyroid carcinoma and their diagnostic values. Chin Med J (Engl). 2010;123:3074\u20138.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)."},{"key":"444_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2009.10.2.101","volume":"10","author":"SH Kim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim SH, Kim BS, Jung SL, Lee JW, Yang PS, Kang BJ, et al. Ultrasonographic findings of medullary thyroid carcinoma: a comparison with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Korean J Radiol. 2009;10:101\u20135.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"444_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ12-0050","volume":"59","author":"P Trimboli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trimboli P, Nasrollah N, Amendola S, Rossi F, Ramacciato G, Romanelli F, et al. Should we use ultrasound features associated with papillary thyroid cancer in diagnosing medullary thyroid cancer? Endocr J. 2012;59:503\u20138.","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"444_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.203.3.9169673","volume":"203","author":"TJ Passe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Passe TJ, Bluemke DA, Siegelman SS. Tumor angiogenesis: tutorial on implications for imaging. Radiology. 1997;203:593\u2013600.","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"444_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5502","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005502","volume":"95","author":"X Lai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lai X, Liu M, Xia Y, Wang L, Bi Y, Li X, et al. Hypervascularity is more frequent in medullary thyroid carcinoma: Compared with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e5502.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-020-00444-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-020-00444-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-020-00444-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T19:23:41Z","timestamp":1620933821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12880-020-00444-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-020-00444-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.16733\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.16733\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.16733\/v3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. The procedures of reviewing the research were in line with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"49"}}